business

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Vinyloop

Vinyloop is a process of recovering PVC plastic from composite materials through dissolution and precipitation.

Application

The Vinyloop process was developed by Solvay SA R&D Center in Brussels in the late 1990s. Since then, a research plant, as well as two industrial scale plants, one in Ferrara, Italy and another in China, Japan, have been built to implement the Vinyloop process. The Ferrara Plant tests in 2002-2003 have proven the system viable on a large scale. Vinyloop R-PVC (Reconstituted PVC) can be produced at a lower cost than the equivalent virgin plastic.

The materials suited to the Vinyloop process are composites, such as PVC coated wire, coated fabrics, flooring, or automotive products. While in the past it was not possible or feasible to separate plastic from other materials in composites such as these, the Vinyloop process allows for such separation through its dissolution and precipitation system. It allows for the retention of the PVC original character by preserving its stabilizers, plasticizers, colorizers, etc. This elicits a 100% direct reuse of R-PVC produced by Vinyloop.

Process

The technical process of Vinyloop can be described fairly simply; it includes only 6 main steps. To begin the cycle, composite waste is collected and brought to the plant. Much of the material is preprocessed but some of this step takes place in the factory. Some operations that may be performed are, cleaning step (washing, etc.) increasing surface area to speed up dissolution (by cutting, grinding, milling, etc.) and a homogenization step.1]

After pre-treatment, the materials are sent to a dissolution chamber where the solvent, methyl ethyl ketone, dissolves the PVC and its additives. While these factors are dissolved or suspended, the insoluble materials of the original composite remain out of solution and can thus be removed in subsequent steps.

The separation of the insoluble materials occurs in the next tank. There are many techniques to filter the solid from the solution such as, entrifuging, decanting, or cycloning,, the particular method used is mandated by each individual situation. fter separation, the secondary material is: washed with pure hot solvent to eliminate virtually all of the dissolved PVC compound, stripped with steam to recover all the solvent, then discharged.1 In this way all material is removed from the PVC. This is a very important step to yield pure PVC material for reuse.

The next stage in the process is the precipitation of the dissolved PVC. At the onset of this stage, it is possible to integrate more additives into the dissolved PVC to achieve a variety of characteristics. At the Ferrara Plant, a plasticizer is added to the PVC in order to generate a more flexible and less brittle product. Steam is then injected into the solution, evaporating the solvent completely, leaving an aqueous slurry of PVC and additives. The unwanted material from the composite as well as the solvent are thus removed. The evaporated solvent condenses in its original chamber, ready to dissolve another batch of composite material. This closed loop cycle has an effective retention rate of 99.9%, rendering the solvent a technical nutrient in this process.

The final stage in the Vinyloop is the drying phase. The aqueous solution of PVC is dried and the effluent water filtered to remove impurities. The dry R-PVC forms pellets (a significant occurrence due to that form ease of use in the plastics industry). Dry pellets are easy to package and ship out to be molded into other products. Many times these pellets can comprise 100% of the material for a new product, but when not, any percentage of R-PVC can be added to virgin PVC in product formation , auto gps devices .

Importance to Plastics Industr , patio pvc .

Vinyloop is one of few processes which can effectively separate PVC from a composite material. It is also a recycler of post consumer waste. This is therefore a significant diverter of plastic from the waste stream. While other cruder plastic recycling processes cannot reclaim a pure form of PVC from a material, leading to subsequent lifescycles of lower quality, Vinyloop yields a very pure product which is of comparable quality to virgin material. This characteristic suggests that, in the terminology of William McDonough and Michael Braungart in their book Cradle to Cradle, Vinyloop is an upcycling process, yielding R-PVC as a technical nutrient.

Further research will determine the viability of these ideas concerning the Vinyloop process, specifically the test of whether the R-PVC can be reintegrated into the composite products it originated from and be continually processed by Vinyloop at the end of each of its lifecycles.

Sustainability

In these ways, PVC recycling may become a virtually sustainable industry in the near future. An important characteristic that makes the Vinyloop process sustainable is its dissolution solvent recovery process. Instead of using a solvent which is spent and becomes waste after each use, Vinyloop integrates a step of solvent recovery in which 99.9% of the solvent is recovered and reused for each cycle. Again this component to the system is a technical nutrient which stays within the system rather than degrading in quality and becoming waste. Additionally, the natural formation of R-PVC microgranules makes the transition to processing the plastic’s next life very easy.

Problems/Questions

Before a stamp of sustainability can be put on the Vinyloop process, several questions must be answered. The first concerns the treatment of the aqueous effluent which comes from the drying of the aqueous PVC solution. This effluent could potentially contain harmful chemical additives. The question regarding the management of this effluent must be answered to help complete the picture of the Vinyloop process. Less than perfect filtration should be cause for concern.

Another point of concern is the use of secondary additives to adapt the PVC to a new use, or to make it usable at all in a second lifecycle. More detailed information is needed concerning the necessity for these additives, as well as the effect the eventual accumulation of additives may have on the PVC. Whether or not this step in the process could limit the number of lifecycles a ‘vinylooped’ PVC product is embodied with is an important question whose answer could affect its level of sustainability.

Another major issue is that this process targeted to recycle plasticized/flexible PVC only, from wires, coatings, etc. Plasticized PVC softens/flows with much lower viscosity at much lower temperature than rigid uPVC, and therefore suffers from much less insoluble crosslinking and thermal breakdown than rigid uPVC. However, the bulk of the PVC consumed in the world is not plasticized/flexible PVC, but rigid uPVC (construction siding, window frames, etc.). Therefore this process still leaves the bulk of the PVC recycling problem unsolved. Complete thermal depolymerization/pyrolysis to polyacetylenic char and HCl, and char gasification similar to wood/coal gasification into fuel might be able to tackle any PVC material, flexible or rigid. The major question remains the fate of dioxin and similar chlorinated byproduct contamination.

See also

Plastic recycling

Recycling of PET bottles

Sources

Machine Design. Cleveland: Jun 5, 2003. vol. 75, Iss. 11; pg. 79 . Abstract

Chemical Week. v 164 n 10 Mar 6 2002. . Intro to Vinyloop

Plastics Technology. v 47 n 8 August 2001. p 58-61. New methods in PVC recycling

Shinkokankyosoryushon Shinko Kankyo Soryushon Giho (KOBELCO Eco-Solutions Engineering Report) , 2005 , VOL.1,NO.2 , PAGE.14-20 , FIG.6, TBL.7, REF.2 . Vinyloop Japan

Solvay S.a., Brussels, Bel Proc Int Symp Feedstock Recycl Plast , 2002 , VOL.2nd , PAGE.76-79 , FIG.3. Vinyloop Japan

http://www.Vinyloop.com Solvay Site

http://www.chemicals-technology.com/projects/ferrara/ Article on Ferrara Plant

Categories: Plastics industry | Recycling industryHidden categories: Articles with a promotional tone from February 2008 | All articles with a promotional tone | All articles to be merged | Articles to be merged from January 2008

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ok up punch in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Punch can refer to:

Tools

Punch (metalworking), a tool used to create an impression in a metal

Punch (numismatics), an intermediate used in the process of manufacturing coins

Punch (typography), an intermediate used in the process of manufacturing type

Hole punch, a common office tool used to create holes in sheets of paper

Ticket punch

Needle punch

Leather punch, a tool used to create holes in leather

A medical tool using the same principle to sample biopsy pieces from skin

Other

Punch (strike), a strike made using the hand closed into a fis , plastic cutters .

Punch (magazine), a former British weekly magazine of humour and satir , cell phone kid .

The Punch, Nigerian daily newspaper

The Punch Bowl, a college humor magazine at the University of Pennsylvania.

Punch (drink), a general term for various mixed drinks, often containing fruit, fruit juice, and/or alcohol

Punch (cigar brand), the name of two brands of premium cigar

Punch and Judy, a popular glove-puppet show for children

The Tragical Comedy or Comical Tragedy of Mr. Punch, a graphic novel by Neil Gaiman

Punch (music), a term in music production when a certain portion of the song is repeated for recording

Punch (album), a 2008 album by Punch Brothers featuring Chris Thile

Punch (1994 film), a boxing film starring Donald Sutherland

Punch (2002 film), a Canadian film starring Sonja Bennett and Michael Riley

Punches (album), a 2005 album by World Leader Pretend

Punch!, a Manga by Rie Takada

Punch! (TV series), a Canadian animated comedy series

Punch-Counterpunch, a fictional character in the Transformers universe

Punch Taverns, a United Kingdom pub company

See also

Poonch

Punsch, a traditional Swedish liquor

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

Categories: Disambiguation pagesHidden categories: All disambiguation pages | All article disambiguation pages

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History

In the slaughterhouse, Lovis Corinth, 1893.

Slaughterhouses act as the starting point of the meat industry, where stock come from farms/market to enter the food chain. They have existed as long as there have been settlements too large for individuals to rear their own stock for personal consumption.

Early maps of London show numerous stockyards in the periphery of the city, where slaughter occurred in the open air. A term for such open-air slaughterhouse is a shambles. There are streets named “The Shambles” in some English towns (e.g. Worcester, York) which got their name from having been the site on which butchers killed and prepared animals for consumption .

Desig , laser fabric cutting .

Curved cattle corrals designed by Temple Grandin are intended to reduce stress in animals being led to slaughter , drill and bits .

In the latter half of the 20th century, the layout and design of most US slaughterhouses has been significantly influenced by the work of Dr. Temple Grandin. It was her fascination with patterns and flow that first led her to redesign the layout of cattle holding pens.

Grandin’s primary objective was to reduce the stress and suffering of animals being led to slaughter. In particular she applied an intuitive understanding of animal psychology to design pens and corrals which funnel a herd of animals arriving at a slaughterhouse into a single file ready for slaughter. Her corrals employ long sweeping curves so that each animal is prevented from seeing what lies ahead and just concentrates on the hind quarters of the animal in front of it. This design also attempts to override the animal’s instinct to reverse direction.

Grandin now claims to have designed over 54% of the slaughterhouses in the United States as well as many other slaughterhouses around the world.

Process

A steer restrained for stunning just prior to slaughter.

The slaughterhouse process differs by species and region and may be controlled by civil law as well as religious laws such as Kosher and Halal laws. A typical procedure follows:

Cattle (mostly steers and heifers, some cows, and even fewer bulls) are received by truck or rail from a ranch, farm, or feedlot.

Cattle are herded into holding pens.

Cattle are rendered unconscious by applying an electric shock of 300 volts and 2 amps to the back of the head, effectively stunning the animal, or by use of a captive bolt pistol to the front of the cow’s head (a pneumatic or cartridge-fired captive bolt). Swine can be rendered unconscious by CO2/inert gas stunning. (This step is prohibited under strict application of Halal and Kashrut codes.)

Animals are hung upside down by one of their hind legs on the processing line.

The carotid artery and jugular vein are severed with a knife, blood drains, causing death through exsanguination.

The head is removed, as well as front and rear feet. Prior to hide removal, care is taken to cut around the digestive tract to prevent fecal contamination later in the process.

The hide/skin is removed by down pullers, side pullers and fisting off the pelt (sheep and goats). Hides can also be removed by laying the carcass on a cradle and skinning with a knife.

The internal organs are removed and inspected for internal parasites and signs of disease. The viscera are separated for inspection from the heart and lungs, referred to as the “pluck.” Livers are separated for inspection, tongues are dropped or removed from the head, and the head is sent down the line on the head hooks or head racks for inspection of the lymph nodes for signs of systemic disease.

The carcass is inspected by a government inspector for safety. (This inspection is performed by the Food Safety Inspection Service in the U.S., and CFIA in Canada.)

Carcasses are subjected to intervention to reduce levels of bacteria. Common interventions are steam, hot water, and organic acids.

Carcasses (typically cattle and sheep only) can be electrically stimulated to improve meat tenderness.

Carcasses are chilled to prevent the growth of microorganisms and to reduce meat deterioration while the meat awaits distribution.

The chilled carcass is broken down into primals and subprimals for boxed meat unless customer specifies for intact sides of meat. Beef and horse carcasses are always split in half and then quartered, pork is split into sides only and goat/veal/mutton and lamb is left whole

The remaining carcass may be further processed to extract any residual traces of meat, usually termed mechanically recovered meat, which may be used for human or animal consumption.

Waste materials such as bone, lard or tallow, are sent to a rendering plant. Also, lard and tallow can be used for the production of biodiesel or heating oil.

The waste water, consisting of blood and fecal matter, generated by the slaughtering process is sent to a waste water treatment plant.

The meat is transported to distribution centers that then distribute to retail markets.

International variations

The standards and regulations governing slaughterhouses vary considerably around the world. In many countries the slaughter of animals is regulated by custom and tradition rather than by law. In the non-Western world, including the Arab world, the Indian sub-continent, etc., both forms of meat are available: one which is produced in modern mechanized slaughterhouses, and the other from local butcher shops.

In some communities animal slaughter may be controlled by religious laws, most notably halal for Muslims and kashrut for Jewish communities. These both require that the animals being slaughtered should be conscious at the point of death, and as such animals cannot be stunned prior to killing. This can cause conflicts with national regulations when a slaughterhouse adhering to the rules of kosher preparation is located in some Western countries.

In many societies, traditional cultural and religious aversion to slaughter led to prejudice against the people involved. In Japan, where the ban on slaughter of livestock for food was lifted only in the late 19th century, the newly found slaughter industry drew workers primarily from villages of burakumin, who traditionally worked in occupations relating to death (such as executioners and undertakers). In some parts of western Japan, prejudice faced by current and former residents of such areas (burakumin “hamlet people”) is still a sensitive issue. Because of this, even the Japanese word for “slaughter” ( tosatsu) is deemed politically incorrect by some pressure groups as its inclusion of the kanji for “kill” () supposedly portrays those who practice it in a negative manner.

Some countries have laws that exclude specific animal species or grades of animal from being slaughtered for human consumption, especially those that are taboo food. The former Indian Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee suggested in 2004 introducing legislation banning the slaughter of cows throughout India, as Hinduism holds cows as sacred and considers their slaughter unthinkable and offensive. This was often opposed on grounds of religious freedom. The slaughter of cows and the importation of beef into the nation of Nepal are strictly forbidden. Several U.S. states have banned the slaughter and consumption of dogs. The sale and consumption of horse meat is illegal in Illinois and California, although horses are slaughtered for meat export to Europe and Japan for human consumption and for the U.S. pet food market.

Law

USDA inspection of pig.

Most countries have laws in regard to the treatment of animals at slaughterhouses. In the United States, there is the Humane Slaughter Act of 1958, a law requiring that all swine, sheep, cattle, and horses be stunned unconscious with just one application of a stunning device by a trained person before being shackled and hoisted up on the line (chickens are exempt from this Act). The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) is opposed to the Humane Slaughter Act, and violations of the Act carry no penalties. Since stopping the line to re-knock conscious animals causes “down time” and results in fewer profits, the Humane Slaughter Act is usually bypassed and ignored by USDA supervisors (Eiznitz 1997). There is some debate over the enforcement of this act. This act, like those in many countries, exempts slaughter in accordance to religious law, such as kosher shechita and dhabia halal. Most strict interpretations of kashrut require that the animal be fully sensible when its carotid artery is cut.

The novel The Jungle detailed unsanitary conditions in slaughterhouses and the meatpacking industry during the 1800s, leading to the passage of the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906, which established the Food and Drug Administration. A much larger body of regulation deals with the public health and worker safety regulation and inspection.

Animal welfare concerns

For her book Slaughterhouse, Gail Eisnitz, chief investigator for the Humane Farming Association (HFA), interviewed slaughterhouse workers in the U.S. who say that, because of the speed with which they are required to work, animals are routinely skinned while apparently alive, and still blinking, kicking, and shrieking. Eisnitz argues that this is not only cruel to the animals, but also dangerous for the human workers, as cows weighing several thousands of pounds thrashing around in pain are likely to kick out and debilitate anyone working near them.

According to the HFA, Eiznitz interviewed slaughterhouse workers representing over two million hours of experience, who, without exception, told her that they have beaten, strangled, boiled,…

, still image from the famous munching squares display hack.
A display hack is a computer program with similar purpose to a kaleidoscope: to make pretty pictures (symmetrical or otherwise). Famous display hacks include munching squares and smoking clover. Some display hacks can be also implemented by creating text files which contain numerous escape sequences for a text terminal to interpret. A famous example on the VT100 terminal displayed a Christmas tree, with twinkling lights and a toy train circling its base. The XScreenSaver software contains a large collection of X Window System and OpenGL display hacks.
Display hacks have a history of several decades. Arguably the first display hack was a program called Bouncing Ball on the Whirlwind computer in the early 1950s. The famous munching squares hack, on the other hand, originates in the PDP-1 computer in ca. 1962.
Crack intros, display hacks programmed by software crackers for the home computers of the 1980s, evolved into what was to be known as demos and demo effects. The creation of demos later became a subculture of its own, now known as the demoscene , bathroom cabinets shelves .
External link , wire decking .
The Origin of SpaceWar, an article by J. M. Graetz originally published in the August, 1981 issue of Creative Computing magazine, mentions some early display hacks.

Categories: Screensavers | Novelty software | Software type stubs

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History
Forty-four years before the opening of Clipper Magazine Stadium and the Lancaster Barnstormers’ inaugural season, the Lancaster Red Roses entertained baseball enthusiasts for 20 years at Stumpf Field. Efforts for a new stadium and a new team began in 1987, and what was a long, 16-year battle finally paid off with an announcement in 2003. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania agreed to fund roughly half of the cost with Opening Day Partners and the city of Lancaster covering the remainder. The original plan in 2001 called for a proposed, $20-million ballpark to be constructed on the Diseley Farm site, across from Long’s Park in Manheim Township. However, those plans were cancelled because of residential concerns about traffic and political concerns about the use of eminent domain and rezoning. After this plan was terminated, most Lancaster County politicians preferred a downtown ballpark in order to revitalize a run-down neighborhood. The Redevelopment Authority of the County of Lancaster settled on an industrial site on the corner of North Prince and Frederick streets, where a company called Ace Rents existed. Initially, Ace Rents stalled the process, but quickly came to an agreement as they did not want to be a bump in the road. The groundbreaking ceremony was held on April 28, 2004, and Clipper Magazine Stadium was finished just before it opened on May 11, 2005.
With its brick faade and steel beams, the architecture of Clipper Magazine Stadium alludes to its industrial surroundings. Located in Lancaster’s Northwest Corridor, the ballpark faces many downtown factories and is itself constructed over a former rail yard. Coincidentally, this section of Lancaster city (between North Mary and North Charlotte Streets, south of the Harrisburg Pike) was historically known as the “base ball ground”, circa 1886.
2007 Atlantic League All-Star Game
In July 2007, the Lancaster Barnstormers hosted the Atlantic League All-Star Game at Clipper Magazine Stadium. The league’s former North Division won by a score of 8 to 6 , steel storage rack .
Photos of the par , network wall rack .
Infield of Clipper Magazine Stadium
The view from the outfield
Richard M. Scott mural
Ballpark attractions
Clipper Magazine Stadium features Power Alley, a concession stand with a red barn faade that includes a traditional ballpark menu with an emphasis on items produced in Lancaster County. This emphasis includes Auntie Anne’s famous soft pretzels, Kunzler-brand, Pennsylvania Dutch quarter-pound hot dogs, beer from the Lancaster Brewing Company, and Turkey Hill ice cream and iced tea. Other regional foods provided at Clipper Magazine Stadium include cheesesteaks and whoopie pies.
Kids at the ballpark can play at the Weis Horse Around Corral that includes a carousel, jungle gyms, a rock climbing wall, and various inflatibles. Cylo’s Clubhouse also provides entertainment for children, featuring the Barnstormers’ bovine mascot, Cylo. Finally, the Turkey Hill Birthday Zone is a place for children’s birthday celebrations.
Clipper Magazine Stadium includes additional seating options for its patrons. Executives can reserve one of several luxury suites available for business or pleasure, with professional catering and an excellent view of the field. Lawn seating expands the ballpark’s seating capacity, allowing an additional 1,500 fans to view the game. Bleachers are also available along the left field wall. However, Clipper Magazine Stadium includes 6,000 green, chair-back seats in two levels divided by an open, 360-degree concourse.
The Richard M. Scott mural graces the interior entrance of the ballpark, and is dedicated to the former mayor who initiated the effort for professional baseball’s return to Lancaster. Clipper Magazine Stadium also includes a visual display detailing Lancaster’s professional baseball history.
The Inside Corner Team Store, which remains open throughout the year, is the official Lancaster Barnstormers’ team apparel and souvenir store, located at the home plate entrance.
Home Run Harbor
Prior to the 2008 season, a unique feature was added to Clipper Magazine Stadium: Home Run Harbor, a 36,000-gallon, artificial pond with ten bumper boats equipped with water cannons, a small waterfall, and a bridge. An estimated 30% of the home runs at the ballpark are hit toward the Home Run Harbor area, making the location a great place to see long-ball action. Safety netting prevents incoming baseballs from injuring patrons of the attraction.
Special events
Ice Park at Clipper Magazine Stadium
So that the community can continue to enjoy Clipper Magazine Stadium in the off-season, it is used as an outdoor, public ice-skating rink during the winter months. The pitcher’s mound is removed, the infield is covered with sheets of ice, and the concessions serve ballpark fare as well as soup, coffee, and hot chocolate.
Concerts
Clipper Magazine Stadium has hosted various concerts, including rock musicians Bob Dylan, Bryan Adams, Def Leppard, and Jefferson Starship; country music artists Clint Black, Dwight Yoakam, and Willie Nelson; and smooth jazz instrumentalist Kenny G.
Soccer
On July 16, 2009, Clipper Magazine Stadium will host an exhibition soccer match between Crystal Palace F.C., an English Premier League team based in London, and the Harrisburg City Islanders.
References
Lancaster, Pennsylvania portal
^ “The Clip hosts the New Era Tournament and LLL baseball championships”. Atlantic League of Professional Baseball. http://atlanticleague.com/cgi-bin/dist/news.cgi?id=1233772184. Retrieved on February 16 2009.
^ “Sarah Palin comes to the Clip”. Lancaster Barnstormers. http://lancasterbarnstormers.com/news.cfm?newsID=393. Retrieved on October 18 2008.
^ ODP corporate address
^ “Clipper Magazine Buys Naming Rights”. Clipper Magazine. http://www.clippermagazine.com/press/b2b.cfm. Retrieved on May 16 2006.
^ Diseley Farm ballpark
^ Aces Rents relocated
^ Clipper’s architecture
^ Aces Rents relocated
^ 2007 All-Star Game
^ “About Clipper Magazine Stadium”. Lancaster Barnstormers. http://www.lancasterbarnstormers.com/preview.cfm. Retrieved on May 16 2006.
^ “Home Run Harbor”. Lancaster Barnstormers. http://lancasterbarnstormers.com/news.cfm?newsID=334. Retrieved on April 4 2008.
^ “Clipper Magazine Stadium becomes ice-skating rink”. Atlantic League. http://local.lancasteronline.com/4/27513. Retrieved on November 7 2006.
^ “Clipper Magazine Stadium to host world class soccer”. Lancaster Barnstormers. http://lancasterbarnstormers.com/news.cfm?newsID=468. Retrieved on June 10 2009.
External links
Clipper Magazine Stadium
New Era Tournament
Ballpark Digest - Clipper Magazine Stadium
Ballpark Reviews - Clipper Magazine Stadium
Rochester Area Ballparks - Clipper Magazine Stadium
Digital Ballparks - Clipper Magazine Stadium
Coordinates: 40255 761839 / 40.04861N 76.31083W / 40.04861; -76.31083
v d e
Lancaster Barnstormers
Founded in 2003 Based in Lancaster, Pennsylvania
The Club
History Records Players All articles
Ballpark
Clipper Magazine Stadium
Culture
Cylo Barnyard Beat “Everybody hits” Promotions Tradition
Rivalries
War of the Roses
Important Figures
Von Hayes Tom Herr Ryan Minor Rick Wise
Retired Numbers
42
Key Personnel
Owner: Opening Day Partners General Manager: Kevin Cummings Manager: Von Hayes
Championships (1)
2006 (Atlantic League)
www.lancasterbarnstormers.com
v d e
Current ballparks of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball
Freedom Division
Bears & Eagles Riverfront Stadium Clipper Magazine Stadium Sovereign Bank Stadium TD Bank Ballpark
Liberty Division
Campbell’s Field Citibank Park Regency Furniture Stadium The Ballpark at Harbor Yard
Categories: Sports venues in Pennsylvania | Baseball stadiums in Pennsylvania | Lancaster, Pennsylvania | Lancaster Barnstormers | Buildings and structures in Lancaster, Pennsylvania | Sports in Lancaster, Pennsylvania | Minor league baseball venues

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Early devices
IBM 740
IBM 2250
IBM 1627
Tektronix 401 , wine bottle shelf .
Digital clocks display changing numbers , literature rack .
Cathode ray tube (CRT)
Storage tube
Bistable display
Electronic paper
Nixie tube displays
Vector display
Flat panel display
Vacuum fluorescent display (VF)
Light-emitting diode (LED) displays
Electroluminescent display (ELD)
Plasma display panels (PDP)
Liquid crystal display (LCD)
HPA display
Thin-film transistor displays (TFT)
Organic light-emitting diode displays (OLED)
Surface-conduction electron-emitter display (SED) (experimental)
Laser TV (forthcoming)
Carbon nanotubes (experimental)
Nanocrystal displays (experimental), using quantum dots to make vibrant, flexible screens.
Head-mounted display
Paper
Computer printers
Laser printer
Inkjet printer
Electrostatic printer
Thermal printer
Industrial digital printer
Plotters
Projectors
Film projectors
Movie projector
Slide projector
Digital projector
Video projector
LCD projector
Laser projector
Head-up display
Further information: Projector
Three dimensional
Swept-volume display
Varifocal mirror display
Emissive volume display
Laser display
Holographic display
Further information: Volumetric display
Mechanical types
Ticker tape (historical)
Split-flap display (or simply flap display)
Flip-disc display (or flip-dot display)
Rollsign
Refreshable Braille display
See also Optacon.
Idiot lights
Main article: Idiot light
The “Check Engine” light on an automobile dashboard is the quintessential idiot light, giving only the information that something is amiss, but not what particular subsystem or component, nor how urgent the problem is. Neither does it give any information about issues that may be still within acceptable limits, but trending towards failure.
Segment displays
Some displays can show only digits or alphanumeric characters. They are called segment displays, because they are composed of several segments that switch on and off to give appearance of desired glyph. The segments are usually single LEDs or liquid crystals. They are mostly used in digital watches and pocket calculators. There are several types:
Seven segment display (most common, digits only)
Fourteen segment display
Sixteen segment display
HD44780 Character LCD a widely accepted protocol for LCDs.
Misc
Film recorder
See also
Comparison of display technology
Large-screen television technology
Video monitor
Times Square, where numerous display devices can be seen in use
Haptic technology
Graphical user interfaces
CAD
Computer-controlled milling machines
Rapid prototyping
Digital image processing
Vector graphics vs. Raster graphics
Video card
Graphics chip
Computer graphics
Myvu
External links
Society for Information Display - An international professional organization dedicated to the study of display technology
display-Magazine - The Online Magazine for Displays
- Solari di Udine
v d e
Display technology
Video
Current generation
Electroluminescent display (ELD) Vacuum fluorescent display (VFD) Cathode ray tube (CRT) Liquid crystal display (LCD) Light emitting diode display (LED)
Plasma display panel (PDP) Video projector display Digital light processing (DLP) Liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS)
Next generation
Organic light emitting diode (OLED) Surface-conduction electron-emitter (SED) Field emission (FED) / Carbon nanotube (NED) Laser TV Ferro Liquid (FLD) Interferometric modulator display (IMOD) Thick-film dielectric electroluminescent (TDEL) Nanocrystal Quantum dot display (QDLED) Micro device (MDDP) Time Multiplexed Optical Shutter (TMOS) Transparent electroluminescent Telescopic pixel (TPD) Liquid crystal lasers (LCL) High dynamic range (HDR)
Non-video
Electromechanical (Flip-dot Split-flap Vane) Electronic paper Rollable Eggcrate Nixie tube
3D display
Stereoscopic Autostereoscopic Computer Generated Holography Volumetric Laser beam
Static media
Hologram Movie projector Neon sign Rollsign Slide projector Transparency
Related articles
Display examples Free-space display Large-screen television technology Optimum HDTV viewing distance
Comparison of display technology
Categories: Assistive technology | Input/Output | Display technology | Computing output devices | User interfaceHidden categories: Articles with unsourced statements from September 2007 | All articles with unsourced statements | Cleanup from August 2007 | Wikipedia laundry list cleanup | All articles to be merged | Articles to be merged from October 2008

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Baseball
Base set
The 1995 Topps set totals 660 cards and was issued in foil or jumbo packs and retail or hobby factory sets. Subsets include All-Stars, Prospects, and Checklist cards. The set also included a Babe Ruth 100th birthday card and Own the Game insert game cards. Size: 2.5 x 3.5 in.
Traded Set
The Traded set has 165 cards and was issued in packs. The cards are identical in appearance to the base set except for the T suffix in the numbering. This set featured traded players, draft picks and rookie cards as well as All-Star and At the Break subsets. Size: 2.5 x 3.5 in , utility golf cart .
Cyberstat , clothing drying rack .
This set totals 396 cards and was available as inserts in packs. The key feature for this set are the prorated statistics due to the strike shortened season. Size: 2.5 x 3.5 in.
Cyber Season in Review
This set has 7 total cards and was issued in the Hobby Factory Set. The cards are similar in theme to the Cyberstats and feature projected statistics for the incomplete ‘94 baseball season. Size: 2.5 x 3.5 in.
Finest Inserts
This is a 15-card insert set available as inserts in packs. The set features the top 15 players in total bases for the 1994 Major League Baseball season. Size: 2.5 x 3.5 in.
League Leaders
This set features 50 cards of players that led the league in various categories. These cards were available as inserts in packs. Size: 2.5 x 3.5 in.
Bazooka
The 1995 Bazooka set was issued as a mainstream set for this year and thus was available in packs as well as a factory set. There are 132 cards in the set which feature the Bazooka logo on the front and a game on the back. Size: 2.5 x 3.5 in.
Bowman
The 1995 Bowman set has 439 cards and was issued in plastic and jumbo packs. The cards feature a white border and a reversed negative of the player photo on the left edge. This set has a 54 card foil subset of minor league stars. Size: 2.5 x 3.5 in.
Bowman’s Best has 195 cards consisting of 90 veterans, 90 rookie and prospects, and 15 mirror image cards. Size: 2.5 x 3.5 in.
D3
The Topps D3 set contains 59 three-dimension cards. The backs feature another photo along with statistics divided by Home, Away, Day, and Night. Size: 2+12 x 3+12 in.
D3 Zone is a six card set available as inserts. The cards feature a three-dimensional player photo with baseballs as a background motif. Size: 2.5 x 3.5 in.
Embossed
The Embossed set has 140 cards featuring embossed photos on front and back. The cards are gray bordered with the player’s name at the bottom and a TMB logo in the upper corner. The set includes a subset of active players that have won major awards. Size: 2.5 x 3.5 in.
Other sets
Opening Day (10) The fronts feature color action photos printed on textured foil in a U.S. flag design. A large colorful Opening Day logo appears in an upper corner while the player’s key stats from the opening day game appear in a foil box at lower right. Backs have a portrait photo with complete details and statistics of the opening day performance. These cards were available in retail factory sets. Size: 2.5 X 3.5 in.
Archives Brooklyn Dodgers (165) This set featured reproductions of Brooklyn Dodgers fron 1952-56 Topps sets and 1955 Bowman. There are additional cards made that resemble the old style cards that were never originally produced. Size: 2.5 X 3.5 in.
Legends of the 60s (12) These are replicas of 60s era cards done with six ounces of bronze metal. The cards reproduce the front a specific year for each player but the backs have been modified to show entire career statistics. Size: 2.5 X 3.5 in.
Own The Game Instant Winner These cards were inserts in packs. The grand prize was a $40,000 ‘Baseball Passport’ good for 60 days. Other prizes included Spectra Light cards or personalized baseball cards with the winner’s picture. Size: 2.5 X 3.5 in.
Ted Williams Tunnel Opening Commemorative This card was produced as the header for a 13-card set distributed at a luncheon in conjunction with December 15, 1995 opening day ceremonies for the Ted Williams Tunnel, connecting South Boston with the city’s airport, running beneath Boston Harbor. There 3000 sets produced. Size: 2.5 X 3.5 in.
1952 Gold Mickey Mantle A reduced size replica of his 1952 card done in embossed 22K gold-foil design on front and back and individually serial numbered to 50,000. Size: 2.5 X 3.5 in.
1996 Pre-Production (9) These cards look just like the 1996 regular issue except for the PP prefix in the numbering and lack the 1995 statistics. Size: 2.5 X 3.5 in.
Finest
The 1995 Finest set totals 330 cards and was issued in packs. The cards are glossy and have a silver diamond over a green background with a Finest Moment note on the back. Size: 2.5 x 3.5 in.
Flame Throwers is a 9-card insert set featuring strikeout leaders. Size: 2.5 x 3.5 in.
Power Kings is an 18-card insert set featuring top sluggers. Size: 2.5 x 3.5 in.
Update 110 cards continuously numbered from base set available in 7-card wax packs. Size: 2.5 X 3.5 in.
Bronze League Leaders 6 cards available by mail order Size: 2+34 x 3+34 in.
Stadium Club
The 1995 Stadium Club set totals 630 cards and was issued in packs in 3 series of 270, 225, and 135 cards respectively. The cards feature action player photos and statistical bar graphs. Size: 2.5 x 3.5 in.
Super Team Division Winners is a 66 card set available with redemption cards. Only the team cards are distinct while the player cards are parallel to the base set. Size: 2.5 x 3.5 in.
Clear Cut 28 card insert set. Size: 2.5 x 3.5 in.
Crunch Time 20 card insert set featuring season highlight. Size: 2.5 x 3.5 in.
Crystal Ball 15 card insert set featuring home run hitters. Size: 2.5 x 3.5 in.
Phone Cards 13 card insert set featuring chance to win prizes. Size: 2.5 x 3.5 in.
Power Zone 12 card insert set. Size: 2.5 x 3.5 in.
Ring Leaders 40 card insert set featuring award and title winners. Size: 2.5 x 3.5 in.
Super Skills 20 card insert set. Size: 2.5 x 3.5 in.
Virtual Extremists 10 card insert set. Size: 2.5 x 3.5 in.
Members Only 50 card factory set by Topps available to members by mail. Size: 2.5 x 3.5 in.
Parallel Sets
Traded Power Boosters 10 card parallel of At the Break Traded subset.
Bazooka Red Hot 22 card insert set of selected base cards.
Bowman Gold Foil 54 card insert set of the silver foil subset.
Finest Refractors parallel to base set available as inserts.
Finest Update Refractors 110 cards inserted 1:12 Finest Update packs.
Stadium Club First Day Issue issued as pack inserts.
Stadium Club Members Only issued as a factory set and includes parallels of the insert sets as well.
Stadium Club Super Team Division Winners player cards are parallel to base set.
Stadium Club Super Team Master Photos of Braves and Indians. Size: 5 X 7 in.
Stadium Club Super Team World Series available by redemption.
Stadium Club Virtual Reality 270 card parallel to base set available as inserts.
Virtual Reality Members Only available as factory set.
The Phone Cards set was available in Silver and Gold versions.
Bowman’s Best Refractors inserted in packs at a rate of 1:6, Mirror Image diffractors 1:12.
Bowman’s Best Jumbo Refractors 10 cards inserted one per retail Topps box. Size: 4 X 6 in.
Embossed Golden Idols inserted one per Embossed pack.
Promotional Sets
These are sets produced by Topps for special events.
FanFest Ryan this set included a modified 1968 Topps card of Nolan Ryan available at the All-Star FanFest in Dallas. Size: 2.5 x 3.5 in.
National Packtime is an 18-card set of which Topps produced 3 cards available by mail-in offer. Size: 2.5 x 3.5 in.
National Packtime 2 is a 6-card set of which Topps produced one card available by mail-in offer. Size: 2.5 x 3.5 in.
Football
Topps
Base set (468) Two series (S1)(S2) Size: 2.5 x 3.5 in.
Air Raid (10) Insert 1:24 S2 retail pack Size: 2.5 x 3.5 in.
All-Pros (22) Insert 1:8 S2 hobby pack Size: 2.5 x 3.5 in.
Expansion Team Boosters (30) Parallel to expansion subset 1:36 S2 pack
Finest (27) Insert S1 Size: 2.5 x 3.5 in.
Finest Refractors (27) Parallel to finest inserts 1:36 S1 hobby pack
Finest Boosters (22) Insert S2 pack Size: 2.5 x 3.5 in.
Finest Boosters Refractors (22) Parallel to finest boosters S2 packs
Florida Hot Bed (15) Insert retail pack Size: 2.5 x 3.5 in.
Hit List (20) Insert 1:4 S1 packs Size: 2.5 x 3.5 in.
1000/3000 Boosters (41) Parallel to 1K/3K Yard Club subset 2:36 S1 pack
Profiles (15) Insert 1:12 S2 pack Size: 2.5 x 3.5 in.
Sensational Sophomores (10) Insert 1:24 retail pack Size: 2.5 x 3.5 in.
Yesteryear (15) Insert 1:72 hobby pack Size: 2.5 x 3.5 in.
Factory Jaguars (473) Parallel factory set 4000 produced
Factory Panthers (473) Parallel factory set 4000 produced
Bowman
Base set (357) 10-card packs Size: 2.5 x 3.5 in.
Bowman’s Best (195) 7-card packs Size: 2.5 x 3.5 in.
Bowmans’ Best Refractors (195) Parallel
Finest
Base set (275) two series (S1)(S2) Size: 2.5 x 3.5 in.
Finest Refractors (275) Parallel to base set inserted 1:12 packs
Fan Favorite (25) Insert 1:12 packs Size: 2.5 x…