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Old Twinings Shop on The Strand, London

Twinings is a marketer of tea, based in Andover, Hampshire, England.

Contents

1 History

2 Products

3 Product Range

3.1 Tea

3.1.1 Everyday Tea

3.1.2 Specialty Teas

3.1.2.1 Classics

3.1.2.2 Light Classics

3.1.2.3 Aromatics

3.1.2.4 winings &

3.1.2.5 Reserve

3.1.2.6 Premium Quality

3.1.3 Green Tea & Infusions

3.1.3.1 Fresh & Fruity

3.1.3.2 A Moment of Calm

3.1.3.3 Revive & Revitalise

3.1.3.4 Cleanse

3.1.3.5 Green Teas

3.1.3.6 White Tea

3.2 Coffee blends

3.3 Hot Chocolate

3.4 Iced Tea

4 Notable members of the Twining family

5 References

6 External links

//


History

Thomas Twining opened the first known tea room in 1706, which remains at 216 Strand, London today. In 1787 the company created its logo, still in use today, which is thought to be the world’s oldest commercial logo that has been in continuous use since its inception. Under Associated British Foods since 1964, Stephen Twining now represents the company’s ten generations. In 2006, Twinings celebrated its 300th anniversary with new teas, a special anniversary tea, associated tea caddies and updated product packaging. Twining’s is a Royal Warrant holder (appointed by HM The Queen).

Products



Twinings Earl Grey packet

Twinings mostly provides mid-range teas such as Lapsang Souchong, Lady Grey and Darjeeling. It is generally accepted that the company was the first to blend Earl Grey in Britain during the premiership of Charles, 2nd Earl Grey, although this is disputed by rival tea merchants Jacksons of Piccadilly, which is owned by Twinings.

During 2005, Twinings introduced its first generic, non-speciality tea, under the brand ‘Everyday Tea’. In 2006 they started producing a tinned luxury chocolate drink, and in 2007 they also launched a selection of tinned luxury coffees onto the market.

The company is a founding member of the Ethical Tea Partnership, a group of tea-packing companies that work for a fair trade policy and monitor the ethical conditions on tea estates.

Stephen Fry recently appeared in the Twinings TV adverts. Notably on QI, a programme he hosts, he has been made fun of for being the front man of Twinings, especially from the likes of Phill Jupitus. The latest celebrity recruit is homemaker personality Nigella Lawson.

Twinings also owns Nambarrie, a tea company based in Belfast, Northern Ireland, which has been trading for 140 years. In April 2008 Twinings announced their decision to close the Nambarrie plant with the likely loss of 34 jobs. Twinings said it needed to consolidate its UK manufacturing operations in the face of increasing global competition. Nambarrie Managing Director Brian Davis commented “Our employees have made us a local success and for that we owe them a deep debt of gratitude”.

Product Range

Tea

Everyday Tea

Twinings first ‘generic’ tea, packaged in cardboard boxes containing 40, 80, 160 or 240 tea bags.

Specialty Teas

Classics

300 Year Celebration tea

Assam

Decaffeinated Traditional English

English Breakfast

Irish Breakfast

Organic English Breakfast

Prince of Wales

Traditional Afternoon

Light Classics

Ceylon

Darjeeling

Keemun

Yunnan

Aromatics

Chai

Christmas Tea

Decaffeinated Earl Grey

Earl Grey

Lady Grey

Lapsang Souchong

Organic Earl Grey

winings &

After Dinner Mint

Orange

Pineapple & Rooibos

Rose

Vanilla & Coconut

Reserve

Golden Tipped Assam & Kenyan Blend

Premium Quality

Organic Blend

Premium Quality 1706

Green Tea & Infusions

Fresh & Fruity

Raspberry, Strawberry & Loganberry

Cranberry, Raspberry & Elderflower

Strawberry & Mango

Cranberry & Pomegranate

Echinacea & Raspberry

Pomegranate & Raspberry

Blackberry & Nettle

Blackcurrant, Ginseng & Vanilla

Cranberry & Sanguinello Orange

Blueberry & Apple

A Moment of Calm

Pure Camomile

African Rooibos, Strawberry & Vanilla

Cherry & Cinnamon

Camomile & Spiced Apple

Orange, Mango & Cinnamon

African Honeybush with a hint of Lavender

Lemongrass with a hint of Lavender

Camomile & Spearmint

Camomile & Lime Flowers

Revive & Revitalise

Pure Peppermint

Sweet Fennel

Lemon & Ginger

Peppermint & Eucalyptus

Lemongrass & Eucalyptus

Cleanse

Nettle & Peppermint

Nettle & Sweet Fennel

Green Teas

Pure Green Tea

Green Tea with Jasmine

Green Tea with Pineapple and Grapefruit

Green Tea with Cranberry

Green Tea with Orange & Lotus Flower

Green Tea with Apple & Pear

Green Tea with Pomegranate

Green Tea with Citrus

Green Tea with Mint

Green Tea Earl Grey

Gunpowder Green Tea

White Tea

Pure White Tea

White Tea with Pomegranate

Coffee blends

Intense

Rich

Mellow

Decaffeinated

Hot Chocolate

Swiss Chocolate Drink

Iced Tea

Green Tea & Lemon

Green Tea & Peach

Raspberry

Cherry

Lemon

Peach

Notable members of the Twining family

Elizabeth Twining (18051889), botanical illustrator.

Edward Twining, Baron Twining (1899-1967), British colonial governor.

References

^ Standage, T. (2005). A history of the world in six glasses. New York: Walker. P. 202.

^ “Twinings celebrates 300 years with new teas and new packaging”. written at London, England, United Kingdom (HTML). Tea & Coffee Trade Journal. 20 June 2006. http://www.allbusiness.com/sector-31-33-manufacturing/food-manufacturing-food/1178535-1.html. Retrieved on 17 January 2009. “To celebrate its 300th Anniversary, Twinings will introduce a selection of new tea blends including: Indian Spiced Chai (Origins); Citrus Spice Sunset (Herbal); African Rooibos Red Tea (Origins); Cinnamon Apple BreakFast (Classics). … Twinings has [also] unveiled an entirely new package design and graphics.”

^ “Tea History of the Earl Grey” (HTML). Art of Tea. 24 October 2008. http://artoftea.com/wordpress/2008/10/24/tea-history-of-the-earl/. Retrieved on 18 January 2009.

^ “Jacksons of Piccadilly - the finest quality teas from around the world”. written at United Kingdom (HTML). http://www.jacksonsofpiccadilly.co.uk/. Retrieved on 17 January 2009. “Tea is a work of art and needs a master hand to bring out its noblest qualities.”

^ “Ethical Tea Partnership - Working for a Responsible Tea Industry”. written at United Kingdom (HTML). http://www.ethicalteapartnership.com/index.asp. Retrieved on 17 January 2009.

^ “Tea Time Over For Nambarrie”. written at Northern Ireland, United Kingdom (HTML). 4NI.co.uk Northern Ireland News. 11 April 2008. http://www.4ni.co.uk/northern_ireland_news.asp?id=74242. Retrieved on 17 January 2009. “One of Northern Ireland’s top teas - and a favourite in Scotland too - is no longer to be packed in central Belfast.”

External links

Official British website

Official Canadian website

Official American website

Criticisms of perceived changes to Twinings’ Earl Grey blend (American version)

Interview with Stephen Twining (September 2006) The Citizen, South Africa



v?d?eSelected Royal Warrant holders of the British Royal Family

Granted by HM The Queen

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Rhinestones (Motif) ,







Dremel scroll saw

A scroll saw is a small electric or pedal operated saw useful for cutting intricate curves where a jigsaw or coping saw is not appropriate; it is capable of creating curves with edges. It is somewhat similar to a band saw, but unlike band saws, in which the saw blade is a continuous loop, scroll saws use saw blades similar to those used by coping saws and operate through a quick reciprocating up and down motion.

Contents

1 Size

2 Important Functions

3 Uses

4 Blades

5 General references

6 References

7 External links

//


Size

Scroll saws are referred to by size. The size is the distance from the blade, to the rear frame of the saw. It determines how large of a piece of wood can be cut with the saw. The smaller saws have a throat of as little as twelve inches, while the larger commercial saws are approaching the thirty inch mark. They range in price from under a hundred dollars, to close to two thousand dollars. The more costly ones are generally much more accurate and easier to use, as the vibration in the machine is minimal. While it’s not necessary to buy an expensive machine to enjoy this tool, it’s recommended to use a machine prior to buying it.

Important Functions

It is important to check the ease of blade changes, as this is function that will be done very often. Almost all scroll sawing uses a pierce cut, which is a small hole through which the blade is fed. If you have to fight with the blade every time, you’ll quickly tire of your new saw. The other detail that should be checked is the amount of vibration in the saw. Vibration has a major effect on the quality of the saw’s work. It also reduces blade life, and often the interest of the user in continuing this hobby.

Uses

Scroll sawing is a very popular hobby for many woodworkers. While there are many reasons for this, one of the main reasons is the creativity this tool enables. There are so many scroll saw plans and projects to choose from, a person could go a lifetime, and never make it through all the available plans. A second reason is the small amount of space required to use one. You could actually use it on your kitchen table! There are many scroll saw projects that require little more that the saw itself, eliminating a huge investment in tools. These saws are almost a self contained shop, for some projects. One main purpose for using a scroll saw is the ability to cut intricate curves and joints, very quickly, and with great accuracy. They can also be used to cut dovetail joints quickly.

There is no better tool for cutting intarsia and inlays for veneer projects. The ability to stack cut veneers is a great technique for creating complicated, but beautiful pictures within veneer work. Using a very fine blade, the saw kerf is all but invisible. By stacking different variations of veneer, cutting results in perfect fitting pieces, in woods of different colors, and create very detailed pictures. Another would be the fact that other members of the family, including children, with adult supervision, can enjoy creating crafts, and realizing the pride generated by making something.

There are many different brands of scroll saws on the market today. Notable ones include Excalibur (made in Canada), RBI (made in the USA), Hegner (made in Germany), Eclipse (made in the USA), and DeWalt (originally made in Canada, but now made in the Far East). There are also a number of less expensive scroll saws made in the Far East including: Delta, Dremel (Bosch), Craftsman, Ryobi and others.

There are different types of scroll saws. The most common design is the parallel arm in which a motor is attached near the back of the arms, and the two arms always remain parallel to each other. The C-arm has a solid “C” shape with the blade being mounted between the two ends of the “C”. The parallel link, used by Excalibur and DeWalt, has rods in the upper and lower arms that are “pushed” by the motor to move short (about 4 inches 100 millimetres long) articulated arms and the end which hold the blade. The rigid arm scroll saw, which was very popular up until the 1970s, but is no longer made, has a single-piece cast iron frame. The blade is attached to a pitman arm on the bottom which pulls the blade down, and a spring in the upper arm pulls the blade back up again. This resulted in a significant weakness in that tension on the blade changed with every stroke of the blade. Modern scroll saws are all “constant tension” saws. Uncommon and larger industrial type scroll saws, included spring or vacuum sprung scroll saws, didn’t have arms. Instead they had the reciprocation mechanism at one end of the blade and a tension device on the other to return the push stroke, their advantage being the tension/spring device could be hung from the ceiling of a building and large parts that otherwise could not be cut on arm-style scroll saws could be cut, e.g., aircraft frames of the past.

Blades



Hand-operated scroll saw, around 1900

Scroll saw blades come in many different types. With the exception of blades made for very light duty saws, typical blades are five inches long. The major types are:

Skip tooth (or single skip tooth) which has a tooth, a gap then another tooth;

Double skip tooth (two teeth, a gap then two teeth);

Crown or two-way which has teeth facing both up and down so it cuts on both the down-stroke (as with all other blades) and on the up-stroke;

Spiral blades which essentially are a regular flat blade which is twisted so that there are teeth sticking out on all sides.

Metal cutting blades using hardened steel;

Diamond blades (a wire coated with diamond bits) for cutting glass.

Blades come in many different sizes ranging from #10/0 for making jewelry (about the size of a coarse hair) to #12 which is like a small band saw blade.

There is also a variation called a reverse tooth blade. On reverse tooth blades, the bottom 3/4″ of the teeth are reversed (point up). This helps reduce splintering on the edges of the bottom of the cut. It does not clear sawdust out of the cut as well, making the cutting slower, producing more heat in the blade which reduces blade life, and making burning of the cut more likely. Reverse tooth blades are especially useful when cutting softwood, and plywood such as Baltic birch plywood.



v?d?eTypes of tools

Cutting tools

Adze Axe Billhook Blade Bolt cutter Broach Ceramic tile cutter Countersink Diamond blade Diamond tool Drill bit Endmill Froe Knife Machete Milling cutter Razor Reamer Saw Scalpel Scissors Splitting maul Switchblade Tool bit Utility knife Water jet cutter

Garden tools

Cultivator Garden fork Hedge trimmer Hoe Hori hori Irrigation sprinkler Lawn aerator Lawn mower Lawn sweeper Leaf blower Loppers Mattock McLeod Pitchfork Plough (plow) Pruning shears (Secateurs) Pulaski Rake Rotary tiller Scythe Spade String trimmer

Hand tools

Block plane BNC inserter/remover Brace Card scraper Chisel Clamp Coping saw Fretsaw Glass cutter Hacksaw Hammer Hand saw Locking pliers Mallet Pickaxe Pipe wrench Plane Pliers Punch Screwdriver Spirit level Sponge Torque wrench Wrench

Power tools

Band saw Belt sander Chainsaw Circular saw Concrete saw Crusher Drill Grinding machine Heat gun Impact wrench Jigsaw Jointer Lathe Nail gun Planer Radial arm saw Random orbital sander Reciprocating saw Rotary tool Sander Scroll saw Table saw Thickness planer Wood router

Other

Antique tools Ladder Thau claw Toolbox

General references

Jesberger, Lee (2007). “”The scroll saw is a very versatile saw”".Pro Woodworking Tips.com

References

^ Pro Woodworking Tips.com

External links

Pro Woodworking Tips.com

Scrollsaw Association of the World website

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Occasional Tables by Marcel Breuer 8031 ,





Water massages as a treatment for hysteria c. 1860.

Female hysteria was a once-common medical diagnosis, made exclusively in women, which is today no longer recognized by modern medical authorities as a medical disorder. Its diagnosis and treatment was routine for many hundreds of years in Western Europe. Hysteria was widely discussed in the medical literature of the Victorian era. Women considered to be suffering from it exhibited a wide array of symptoms including faintness, nervousness, insomnia, fluid retention, heaviness in abdomen, muscle spasm, shortness of breath, irritability, loss of appetite for food or sex, and “a tendency to cause trouble”.

Since ancient times women considered to be suffering from hysteria would sometimes undergo “pelvic massage” manual stimulation of the anterior wall of the vagina by the doctor until the patient experienced “hysterical paroxysm”.

Contents

1 Early history

2 Victorian era

2.1 Theories on Victorian hysteria

3 Disappearance of hysteria as a medical diagnosis

4 See also

5 References

6 Further reading

7 External links

//


Early history

The history of hysteria can be traced to ancient times; in ancient Greece it was described in the gynecological treatises of the Hippocratic corpus, which date from the 5th and 4th centuries BCE and was recorded even earlier in Egyptian papyri.[citation needed] Plato’s dialogue Timaeus tells of the uterus wandering throughout a woman body, strangling the victim as it reaches the chest and causing disease. This theory is the source of the name, which stems from the Greek word for uterus, hystera (??????). The idea of the wandering womb may be derived from observation of prolapsed uteruses.[citation needed]

A prominent physician from the second century, Galen, wrote that hysteria was a disease caused by sexual deprivation in particularly passionate women: Hysteria was noted quite often in virgins, nuns, widows and, occasionally, married women. The prescription in medieval and renaissance medicine was intercourse if married, marriage if single, or vaginal massage (pelvic massage) by a midwife as a last recourse.

Victorian era



Advertisement from 1910.

A physician in 1859 claimed that a quarter of all women suffered from hysteria. One physician cataloged 75 pages of possible symptoms of hysteria and called the list incomplete; almost any ailment could fit the diagnosis. Physicians thought that the stresses associated with modern life caused civilized women to be both more susceptible to nervous disorders and to develop faulty reproductive tracts. In America, such disorders in women reaffirmed that the United States was on par with Europe; one American physician expressed pleasure that the country was atching up to Europe in the prevalence of hysteria.

Rachael P. Maines, author of The Technology of Orgasm: “Hysteria,” the Vibrator, and Women’s Sexual Satisfaction, has observed that such cases were quite profitable for physicians, since the patients were at no risk of death but needed constant treatment. The only problem was that physicians did not enjoy the tedious task of vaginal massage (generally referred to as ‘pelvic massage’): The technique was difficult for a physician to master and could take hours to achieve “hysterical paroxysm.” Referral to midwives, which had been common practice, meant a loss of business for the physician.



A 1918 Sears, Roebuck and Co. ad with several models of vibrators.

A solution was the invention of massage devices, which shortened treatment from hours to minutes, removing the need for midwives and increasing a physician treatment capacity. Already at the turn of the century, hydrotherapy devices were available at Bath, and by the mid-19th century, they were popular at many high-profile bathing resorts across Europe and in America.[citation needed] By 1870, a clockwork-driven vibrator was available for physicians. In 1873, the first electromechanical vibrator was used at an asylum in France for the treatment of hysteria.

While physicians of the period acknowledged that the disorder stemmed from sexual dissatisfaction, they seemed unaware of or unwilling to admit the sexual purposes of the devices used to treat it.[citation needed] In fact, the introduction of the speculum was far more controversial than that of the vibrator.

By the turn of the century, the spread of home electricity brought the vibrator to the consumer market. The appeal of cheaper treatment in the privacy of one own home understandably made the vibrator a popular early home appliance. In fact, the electric home vibrator was on the market before many other home appliance ssentials: nine years before the electric vacuum cleaner and 10 years before the electric iron. A page from a Sears catalog of home electrical appliances from 1918 includes a portable vibrator with attachments, billed as ery useful and satisfactory for home service.4]

Other cures for female hysteria included bed rest, bland food, seclusion, refraining from mentally taxing tasks (for example, reading) and sensory deprivation.

Theories on Victorian hysteria

It has been argued that a major theme of the 19th century is the conflict between sex as a reproductive act and an erotic act. Although the icon of the period, Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom, had a large family, birth rates declined over the course of the century. As these rates declined, the reproductive purpose of sex became less central.[citation needed] Much of the medical and marital advice literature of the period prominently featured the passionless woman as an ideal: the “ideal” woman would engage in sex only to reproduce, as it was supposed to hold no other allure for her.[citation needed] This “ideal” influenced the social structure in many ways, including providing a basis for arguments against contraception.[citation needed] At the same time, it resulted in sexual dissatisfaction in many women, fueling the increased demand for treatment of hysteria.[citation needed]

Disappearance of hysteria as a medical diagnosis



Number of French psychiatric theses on hysteria.

Over the course of the early 20th century, the number of diagnoses of female hysteria sharply declined, and today it is no longer a recognized illness. Many reasons are behind its decline: Many medical authors claim that the decline is due to laypeople gaining a greater understanding of the psychology behind conversion disorders such as hysteria, and it therefore no longer gets the desired response from society.

It has also been argued that all that changed was where the disease was placed by physicians.[citation needed] With so many possible symptoms, hysteria was always a catchall diagnosis where any unidentifiable ailment could be assigned, and so, as diagnostic techniques improved, the number of cases were pared down until nothing was left. Many cases that would have been labeled hysteria were reclassified by Freud as anxiety neuroses.[citation needed]

Today different manifestations of hysteria are recognized in other conditions such as schizophrenia, conversion disorder, and anxiety attacks.

See also

Human female sexuality

References

^ a b c d e f Maines, Rachel P. (1998). The technology of orgasm: “hysteria”, the vibrator, and women’s sexual satisfaction. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-6646-4.

^ a b Laura Briggs (2000). “The Race of Hysteria: “Overcivilization” and the “Savage” Woman in Late Nineteenth-Century Obsterics and Gynecology”. American Quarterly 52: 246-73.

^ Regina M. Morantz and Sue Zschoche (1980). “Professionalism, Feminism, and Gender Roles: A Comparative Study of Nineteenth-Century Medical Therapeutics”. The Journal of American History 67: 568-88.

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PVC Fittings ,



Corrugated Stainless Steel Tubing (CSST) is a type of conduit used for natural gas heating in homes. It was introduced in the United States in 1988. CSST consists of a continuous, flexible stainless-steel pipe with an exterior PVC covering. The piping is produced in coils that are air-tested for leaks.

In the United States, about 500,000 new homes per year have CSST installed; that number is about half of the number of new homes that have natural gas for heating or cooking. As of 2007, about 2 million homes in the United States had CSST installed.

CSST is installed much like electrical wiring, and thus more quickly than traditional black-steel pipe, but the cost of the material is several times more than black-steel pipe.

In mid-2007, four CSST makers settled a class-action lawsuit. The settlement provides money to fix problem pipes The settlement provided money to fix problem pipes by bonding the CSST to the electrical systems with thicker wire.

References

^ a b c Matthew Brady (October 15, 2008). “Gas lines ignite cause for concern”. Angie’s List Magazine. http://magazine.angieslist.com/story/special-report_flexible-gas-lines-bear-inspection.

^ Alan J. Heavens (July 29, 2006). “Shortages Persist In Building Materials Even as Demand for New Homes Falls, Cost of Cement and Copper Skyrockets”. Philadelphia Inquirer. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/28/AR2006072800771_pf.html.

^ a b “Common Gas Pipes Pose Fire Hazard; CSST Pipe, Installed in Many Homes, Can Ignite If Struck by Lightning”. ABC News. October 16, 2007. http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/Consumer/Story?id=3736209&page=1.

Categories: Piping

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Vital PET Thermo Stone ,

Vital Pet Thermo Stone: designed for amphibians. With wires to revent bites. No sharp heating that will burn reptiles. Features: 1.Specially designed safe wires to prevent amphibians? bites. The inside is heat wires without sharp heating. The temperature of the surface is balanced between 30~45?J with dryness and insulation, and will not burn your reptile. 2.Perfect for lizards, Amblyrhynchus cristatus, pet snakes, tortoises and other amphibians. It provides heat to make them grow healthily. 3.Vital Pet Thermo Stone helps to build a warm and safe environment and relax amphibians in the terrarium. 4.If the temperature of amphibians is low, the digestion will be lowered too. This will cause bad appetite and decrease their activities. Amphibians can die easily according to how bad the conditions are. 5.The Thermo Stone is enclosed by insulated rosin and is washable. Keep the wires dry when cleaning.


John Bartram House

U.S. National Register of Historic Places

U.S. National Historic Landmark

John Bartram’s house and upper garden at Bartram’s Garden, Philadelphia.

Location:

54th St. and Lindbergh Blvd.Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

Coordinates:

3955?50?N 7512?45?W? / ?39.93056 75.2125? / 39.93056; -75.2125

Built/Founded:

1728

Architect:

John Bartram

Architectural style(s):

Colonial

Added to NRHP:

October 15, 1966

NRHPReference#:

66000676

Bartram’s Garden (46 acres) is the oldest surviving botanic garden in North America, including an historic botanical garden and arboretum (8 acres, established circa 1728), located on the west bank of the Schuylkill River, near the intersection of 54th Street and Lindbergh Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Located within Fairmount Park, the grounds are open daily except for holidays; admission is free, and guided tours are given for $5 adult, $4 senior (62 and over) and student, children (12 and under) free.

Contents

1 The garden

2 Landscape history

3 Further reading

4 See also

5 External links

6 References

//


The garden

The garden is on the site of noted American botanist John Bartram’s stone house and farm on the Schuylkill River. He built the original house between 1728-1731; then greatly expanded it, adding a kitchen ca. 1740, and a Palladian-inspired, carved facade between 1758-1770. The house still stands, as does his original garden (circa 1728) and greenhouse (1760). Three generations of the Bartram family continued the garden as the premier collection of North American plant species in the world.

The current collection contains a wide variety of native and exotic species of herbaceous and woody plants. Most were listed in the Bartrams’ 1783 broadside Catalogue of American Trees, Shrubs and Herbacious Plants and subsequent editions.

The garden also contains three notable trees:

Franklinia alatamaha - John and William Bartram discovered a small grove of this tree in October 1765 by Georgia’s Altamaha River. William subsequently brought seeds to the garden for propagation, and named the tree in honor of John Bartram’s friend, Benjamin Franklin. Franklinia was last seen in the wild in 1803. All Franklinia growing today are descended from those propagated and distributed by the Bartrams, and they are credited with saving it from extinction.

Cladrastis kentukea - A notably old tree, possibly collected by French plant explorer Andre Michaux in Tennessee and sent to William Bartram in the 1790s.

Ginkgo biloba - This male ginkgo is believed to be the last of three original ginkgoes introduced to the United States from China, via London, in 1785.

Landscape history

Bartram’s Garden is the oldest surviving botanic garden in the United States. John Bartram (1699-1777), the well-known early American botanist, explorer, and plant collector, founded the garden in September 1728 when he purchased a 102-acre (0.41km2) farm in Kingsessing Township, Philadelphia County. John Bartram garden began as a personal landscape. With his lifelong devotion to plants, it grew to become a systematic collection as he devoted more time to exploration and the discovery of new North American species and examples. Its evolution over time both reflected and fostered Bartram vital scientific achievements and important intellectual exchange. Although not the first botanic collection in North America, by the middle of the eighteenth century Bartram Garden contained the most varied collection of North American plants in the world. John Bartram was at the center of a lucrative business centered on the transatlantic transfer of plants.

Following the American Revolution, Bartram sons John Bartram, Jr. (17431812) and William Bartram (17391823), continued the international trade in plants. They expanded the family botanic garden and nursery business. Following his father lead, William became an important naturalist, artist, and author in his own right. Under his influence the garden became an educational center that aided in training a new generation of natural scientists and explorers. William Travels, published in 1791, chronicled his explorations in the South and remains a milestone in American literature.

After 1812, Ann Bartram Carr (1779-1858), a daughter of John Bartram, Jr., maintained the family garden and business with her husband Colonel Robert Carr (1778?1866) and his son John Bartram Carr (1804-1839). Their commercial activities remained focused on international trade in native North American plants. Domestic demand also grew under their management.

In 1850, financial difficulties led to the historic garden sale outside the family to Andrew M. Eastwick (18111879), who preserved it as a private park for his estate. Upon Eastwick 1879 death, a…(and so on)
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