business

Low Back Office Chair ,



History and furnishings

Earliest White House floor plans by architect James Hoban label the southwest corner room on the first floor as a dining room, but it was used as an office, library and cabinet room before finally being used as a dining room. Following the 1814 fire and the 1817 reconstruction of the house President James Monroe ordered gilt service (purchased from France in 1817) and ornamental bronze-dor pieces. A plateau centerpiece, with seven mirrored sections, measures over 14 feet long when fully extended. Standing bacchantes holding wreaths for tiny bowls or candles border the plateau. Three fruit baskets, supported by female figures, are often used to hold flowers. The two Italian marble mantels presently in the Green Room and Red Room were also bought by Madison, and were originally installed in this room.

The original State Dining Room, located in the southern area of the present room, was almost half the size of the present room. Removal of a grand stairway on the west end of the house in the 1902 renovation by the architecture firm of McKim, Mead, and White allowed for the enlargement of the room, and reorientation with the length of the room running north-south. The style of the room was modeled after that of neoclassical English houses of the late eighteenth. Below a ceiling and a cornice of white plaster, a dark natural oak paneling with Corinthian pilasters and a delicately carved frieze was installed. Charles Follen McKim designed a large serving table and two large console tables, each with eagle supports. They were produced by A.H. Davenport, a Boston furniture company. The serving table was placed against the north wall, and the two console tables on the east wall. A silver-plate chandelier and complementing wall sconces were added. The two rococo-revival candelabra date from the Hayes administration. Queen Anne style chairs placed around the central table were a part of the 1902 McKim renovations.

The present appearance of the State Dining Room is the result of a renovation and refurbishing completed in 1998 by the Committee for the Preservation of the White House, the White House Office of the Curator, and funded by the White House Endowment Trust.

Truman reconstruction

Systematic failure of the internal wood beam structure required reconstruction during the administration of Harry S. Truman. The building was dismantled and an internal steel superstructure was constructed within the sandstone walls. While providing critically needed repairs, much of the original interior materials were damaged or not reinstalled. The State Dining Room, more than any room had the majority of its wall and ceiling materials reinstalled. Damage to the wood, and a desire to make the room feel less English and more American led to the painting of the oak paneling. The McKim mantel was moved to Truman’s presidential library and replaced with a simple neo-Georgian style mantel of dark green marble. A set of reproductions Chippendale style side chairs replaced the McKim’s Queen Anne-style chairs at the dining table.

Kennedy restoration

Jacqueline Kennedy worked with American antiques expert Henry Francis du Pont and French interior designer Stphane Boudin on the restoration of the State Dining Room. Du Pont and Boudin both recommended that changes should emphasize the earlier work of McKim. Most of the changes made to the room are still visible today. The silver plate chandelier and wall sconces were gilded, and the sconces formerly mounted on the pilasters were reinstalled in the side panels, bringing more focus to the pilasters. The Truman era’s green-painted walls were repainted ivory white. The original McKim fireplace at the Truman presidential library was copied and replaced the simple dark green mantel. McKim’s mahogany consoles were painted ivory white and the eagle supports and bowknots gilded; the new color scheme for those pieces were intended to make the pieces blend into the paneling. A new carpet, a copy of one Boudin designed for Leeds Castle was woven and installed. At large dinners the formal horseshoe configured table was replaced with a series of smaller round tables, a tradition that continues today. The portrait of Abraham Lincoln by George P.A. Healy was restored, reversing conspicuous damage. The Chippendale reproduction sidechairs were removed and replaced by the Queen Anne-style chairs by McKim, Mead and White. The gold-damask draperies installed during the Truman administration were retained.

Later administrations

In 1967, Lady Bird Johnson oversaw the installation of new draperies, based on a design created by Stephane Boudin shortly before President Kennedy’s assassination, as well as reupholstery of the 1902 chairs. First Lady Pat Nixon worked with White House curator Clement Conger to refresh the room in 1971, replacing the carpet of Jacqueline Kennedy with one of Indian manufacture. First Lady Nancy Reagan hung new gold silk draperies designed by interior designer Ted Graber and glazed the walls in a soft yellow color.

In 1999, during the administration of Bill Clinton, the interior designer Kaki Hockersmith advised Hillary Rodham Clinton on redecorating the room. The room’s walls were repainted in a light stone color. The cold white ceiling was repainted in a more complex white to appear as unpainted plaster as installed in McKim’s 1902 design. The serving table and console tables were restored to their original mahogany finish. The Queen Anne-style chairs were reupholstered in a soft gold colored silk damask. New draperies in a multi-colored Colonial Revival style floral print were made, and a rug with a related floral medallion pattern was woven and installed. The chandelier and wall sconces were also refinished, their matte finish replaced by a brilliant metallic gold.

References and further reading

Abbott, James A. A Frenchman in Camelot: The Decoration of the Kennedy White House by Stphane Boudin. Boscobel Restoration Inc.: 1995. ISBN 0-9646659-0-5.

Abbott James A., and Elaine M. Rice. Designing Camelot: The Kennedy White House Restoration. Van Nostrand Reinhold: 1998. ISBN 0-442-02532-7.

Clinton, Hillary Rodham. An Invitation to the White House: At Home with History. Simon & Schuster: 2000. ISBN 0-684-85799-5.

McKellar, Kenneth, Douglas W. Orr, Edward Martin, et al. Report of the Commission on the Renovation of the Executive Mansion. Commission on the Renovation of the Executive Mansion, Government Printing Office: 1952.

Monkman, Betty C. The White House: The Historic Furnishing & First Families. Abbeville Press: 2000. ISBN 0-7892-0624-2 , used massage chair .

Seale, William. The President’s House. White House Historical Association and the National Geographic Society: 1986. ISBN 0-912308-28-1 , canopy beach chairs .

Seale, William, The White House: The History of an American Idea. White House Historical Association: 1992, 2001. ISBN 0-912308-85-0.

Wolff, Perry. A Tour of the White House with Mrs. John F. Kennedy. Doubleday & Company: 1962.

The White House: An Historic Guide. White House Historical Association and the National Geographic Society: 2001. ISBN 0-912308-79-6.

External links

White House Web site

White House Museum’s State Dining Room page, with many historical pictures

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Category:State Dining Room

v d e

White House Complex

White House

Executive Residence

Basement

Basement

Ground floor

China Room Office of the Curator Diplomatic Reception Room Chief Floral Designer Library Map Room Vermeil Room

State floor

Blue Room Cross Hall East Room Entrance Hall Family Dining Room Grand Staircase Green Room Red Room South Portico State Dining Room Chief Usher

Second floor

Center Hall Dressing Room East Bedroom East Sitting Hall Family Kitchen Lincoln Bedroom Lincoln Sitting Room President’s Bedroom President’s Dining Room Private Sitting Room Queens’ Bedroom Queens’ Sitting Room Treaty Room Truman Balcony West Bedroom West Sitting Hall Yellow Oval Room

West Wing

Cabinet Room Executive Office Oval Office Press Briefing Room Roosevelt Room Situation Room

East Wing

Office of the First Lady Graphics and Calligraphy Office Presidential Emergency Operations Center Social Secretary

Old Executive Office Building

Ceremonial Office of the Vice President Executive Offices

Grounds

The Ellipse Jacqueline Kennedy Garden Lafayette Park North Lawn President’s Park Rose Garden South Lawn

Streets

15th Street 17th Street Constitution Avenue E Street East Executive Avenue H Street NW Hamilton Place Jackson Place Madison Place Pennsylvania Avenue State Place West Executive Avenue

Categories: Rooms in the White House

Flower And Bird Engraving Partition ,



History

Work began on what historians would subsequently refer to as “the first Monticello” in 1768. Jefferson moved into the South Pavilion (an outbuilding) in 1770. Jefferson left Monticello in 1784 to serve as Minister of the United States to France. During his tenure in Europe, he had an opportunity to see some of the classical buildings with which he had become acquainted from his reading, as well as to discover the “modern” trends in French architecture that were then fashionable in Paris. His decision to remodel his own home may date from this period. In 1794, following his service as the first U.S. Secretary of State (1790-93), Jefferson began rebuilding his house based on the ideas he had acquired in Europe. The remodeling continued throughout most of his presidency (1801-09).

Thomas Jefferson added a center hallway and a parallel set of rooms to the structure, more than doubling its area. He removed the second full-height story from the original house and replaced it with a mezzanine bedroom floor. The most dramatic element of the new design was an octagonal dome, which he placed above the West front of the building in place of a second-story portico. The room inside the dome was described by a visitor as “a noble and beautiful apartment,” but it was rarely used — perhaps because it was hot in summer and cold in winter, perhaps it could only be reached by climbing a steep and very narrow flight of stairs. The dome room has now been restored to its appearance duing Jefferson’s lifetime, with “Mars yellow” walls and a painted green floor.

Thomas Jefferson died on July 4, 1826, and Monticello was inherited by his eldest daughter Martha Jefferson Randolph. Financial difficulties led to Martha selling Monticello to James T. Barclay, a local apothecary, in 1831. Barclay sold it in 1834 to Uriah P. Levy, the first Jewish American to serve an entire career as a commissioned officer in the United States Navy. Levy greatly admired Jefferson. During the American Civil War, the house was seized by the Confederate government and sold, though Uriah Levy’s estate recovered it after the war.

Lawsuits filed by Levy’s heirs were settled in 1879, when Uriah Levy’s nephew, Jefferson Monroe Levy, a prominent New York lawyer, real estate and stock speculator and member of Congress, bought out the other heirs and took control of the property. Jefferson Levy, like his uncle, repaired, restored and preserved Monticello, which was deteriorating seriously while the lawsuits wended their way through the courts in New York and Virginia , comfortable office chairs .

Monticello and its reflectio , leather parsons chair .

A private non-profit organization, the Thomas Jefferson Foundation, purchased the house from Jefferson Levy in 1923 and it was restored by architects including Fiske Kimball and Milton L. Grigg. Monticello is now operated as a museum and educational institution. Visitors can view rooms in the cellar, ground floor, and third floor, but the second floor is not open to the general public due to fire code restrictions.

Monticello is the only private home in the United States that has been designated a World Heritage Site. From 1989 to 1992, a team of architects from the Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS) painstakingly created a collection of measured drawings of Monticello. These drawings are now kept at the Library of Congress. The World Heritage Site designation also includes the original grounds of Jefferson’s University of Virginia.

Among Jefferson’s other designs are his other home near Lynchburg called Poplar Forest and the Virginia State Capitol in Richmond.

Decoration and furnishings

This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2008)

Monticello depicted on the reverse of the 1953 $2 bill. Note the two “Levy lions” on either side of the entrance. The lions, placed there by Jefferson Levy, were removed in 1923 when the Thomas Jefferson Foundation purchased the house.

Much of Monticello’s interior decoration reflect the ideas and ideals of Jefferson himself.

The original main entrance is through the portico on the east front. The ceiling of this portico incorporates a wind plate connected to a weather vane, showing the direction of the wind. A large clock face on the external east-facing wall has only an hour hand since Jefferson thought this was accurate enough for outdoor laborers. The clock reflects the time shown on the “Great Clock”, designed by Jefferson, in the entrance hall. The entrance hall contains recreations of items collected by Lewis and Clark on their famous expedition. The floorcloth here is painted a “true grass green” upon the recommendation of artist Gilbert Stuart in order for Jefferson’s ‘essay in architecture’ to invite the spirit of the outdoors into the house.

The south wing includes Jefferson’s private suite of rooms. The library holds many books in Jefferson’s third library collection. His first library was burned in a plantation fire, and he ‘ceded’ (or sold) his second library in 1815 to the United States Congress to replace the books lost when the British burned the Capitol in 1814. This second library formed the nucleus of the Library of Congress. As famous and “larger than life” as Monticello seems, the house itself is actually no larger than a typical large home. Jefferson considered much furniture to be a waste of space, so the dining room table was erected only at mealtimes, and beds were built into alcoves cut into thick walls that contain storage space. Jefferson’s bed opens to two sides: to his cabinet (study) and to his bedroom (dressing room).

The west front (illustration) gives the impression of a villa of very modest proportions, with a lower floor disguised in the hillside.

The north wing includes the dining roomhich has a dumbwaiter incorporated into the fireplace as well as dumbwaiters (shelved tables on castors) and a pivoting serving door with shelvesnd two guest bedrooms.

Outbuildings and plantation

Jefferson’s vegetable garden

The main house was augmented by small outlying pavilions to the north and south. A row of functional buildings (dairy, wash houses, store houses, a small nail factory, a joinery etc.) and slave dwellings known as Mulberry Row lay nearby to the south. A stone weaver’s cottage survives, as does the tall chimney of the joinery, and the foundations of other buildings. A cabin on Mulberry Row was, for a time, the home of Sally Hemings; she later moved into a room in the “south dependency” below the main house. On the slope below Mulberry Row Jefferson maintained an extensive vegetable garden.

The house was the center of a plantation of 5,000 acres (2,000 ha) tended by some 150 slaves. There are also two houses included in the whole.

In 2004, the trustees acquired the only property that overlooks Monticello, the taller mountain that Jefferson called Montalto, but known to Charlottesville residents as Mountaintop Farm, Patterson’s or Brown’s Mountain. Rushing to stave off development of so-called “McMansions,” the trustees spent $15 million to purchase the property, which Jefferson had owned and which had served as a 20th-century residence as farm houses divided into apartments for many University of Virginia students (including George Allen). The officials at Monticello had long viewed the property located on the mountain as an eyesore, and were very interested in purchasing the property when it came on the market. Monticello now charges $20 for adults and $7 for children to visit the top of the mountain and only allows admission to the area from May to October.

Miscellaneous

A view of Monticello from the gardens

Monticello was featured in Bob Vila’s A&E Network production, Guide to Historic Homes of America, in a tour which included the Dome Room, which is only open to the public during a limited number of tours each year, and Honeymoon Cottage.

Sidney Fiske Kimball, father of the University of Virginia’s School of Architecture, and one of the prime movers behind the restoration of Monticello, and author of the book Thomas Jefferson, Architect, used Jefferson’s architectural principles to build his own retirement home outside Charlottesville called “Shack Mountain,” short for Shackelford Mountain, the surname of a branch of Jefferson’s descendants. Built in 1935-1936, Shack Mountain is a Jefferson-style pavilion, like Monticello, that is considered Kimball’s masterpiece. Kimball himself advised on the restoration of Colonial Williamsburg and Stratford Hall Plantation. Shack Mountain was nominated as a National Historic Landmark in 1992.

Replicas

The entrance pavilion of the Naval Academy Jewish Chapel at Annapolis is modeled on Monticello.

See also

Monticello Association

Poplar Forest, Mr. Jefferson’s private house.

References

^ “National Register Information System”. National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. 2006-03-15. http://www.nr.nps.gov/.

^ “Monticello (Thomas Jefferson House)”. National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=632&ResourceType=Building. Retrieved on 2008-06-27.

^ Kern, Chris. “Jefferson’s Dome at Monticello”. http://www.ChrisKern.Net/essay/jeffersonsDomeAtMonticello.html. Retrieved on 2009-07-10.

^ “The Hook - Off Montalto, “It’s all downhill from here.”". 2004-06-03. http://www.readthehook.com/Stories/2004/06/03/newsOffMontaltoquotitsAllD.html.

^ “Jeffersons’s Monticello: Getting Tickets”….

Garpha Chair ,



Early Years

Sitcom’s award winning chair at the 1991 Chicago Housewares Show

Sitcom current owners Shelly Wong and Alex Chan founded Sitcom in 1991. The two had grown up in the same neighborhood in San Francisco, but were not introduced by their parents until after college. The two decided to create a new company based on a chair Alex designed as a Graduate Student while at Harvard. This chair was a unique folding chair that won many design awards including est Furniture Design from I.D. (International Design Magazine) and is on permanent collection at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art. The chair was made of canvas and steel tubes, and folded into a compact carrying bag. Since it was made to it in and to be OMpact, the company name, itcom was created. The chair gave birth to the company, and now you see offshoots of the original design at soccer and lacrosse games across the world.

After the Compact Chair, the company decided it was time to investigate manufacturing furniture overseas, and the company ventured into Mexico, Taiwan, Indonesia and China.

Toda , baby bouncer chair .

Sitcom’s Audrey Collection that won the 2008 Advancing Design and Innovation Awar , wholesale bar stool .

Today, Sitcom is known globally for its functional and creative designs. Alex Chan, Sitcom current Creative Director, oversees the design of all Sitcom products. Sitcom operates globally, and maintains offices in California, China and Vietnam, staffing over 200 employees across the globe. Sitcom sells to over 1,000 retailers worldwide, and exhibits its products in the High Point Market, the Las Vegas Market, and the Atlanta Gift Mart.

Sitcom unique designs continue to win awards. In 2008, their Audrey collection won Furniture Style 2008 annual A.D.I. (Advancing Design & Innovation) award for the Major Collection category.

References

^ ReviewJournal.com: Lifestyle Leader: Sitcom Puts in Functional, May 22, 2008

^ ADIawards.com: Furniture Style Announces 2008 A.D.I. Award Winners, January 28, 2008

External links

Official site

Hidden categories: Orphaned articles from February 2009 | All orphaned articles | Articles with a promotional tone from February 2009 | All articles with a promotional tone | Uncategorized from May 2009 | Uncategorized pages

D003 dining chair ,



History

The Alcotts had first moved to Concord in 1840, although they left in 1843 to start Fruitlands, a utopian agrarian commune in nearby Harvard. The family returned in 1845 and purchased a house named “Hillside”, but left again in 1852, selling to Nathaniel Hawthorne who renamed it The Wayside.

The Alcotts returned to Concord once again in 1857 and bought another property in May of 1858. At the time of purchase the site included two early eighteenth century houses on a 12 acre (49,000m2) apple orchard. Consequently the Alcotts named it Orchard House. Amos Bronson moved the smaller house to adjoin the rear of the main house, making a single larger structure.

The Orchard House is on the historical road to Lexington, is adjacent to The Wayside, and less than half a mile from Bush the home of Ralph Waldo Emerson, where Henry David Thoreau and the Alcotts were frequent visitors.

The Alcotts in residence

The Orchard House was the Alcott family’s most permanent home, with the family living there from 1858 to 1877. During this period the Alcott family included Amos Bronson, his wife Abigail May, and their daughters Anna, Louisa, and May. Elizabeth, the model for Beth March, had died in March of 1858 just weeks before the family moved in.

Orchard House, 1941

The Alcotts were vegetarians and harvested fruits and vegetables from the gardens and orchard on the property. Conversations about abolitionism, women’s suffrage and social reform were often held around the dining room table. The family performed theatricals using the dining room as their stage while guests watched from the adjoining parlor.

The parlor was a formal room with arched niches built by Amos Bronson to display busts of his favorite philosophers, Socrates and Plato. On May 23, 1860, Anna married to John Bridge Pratt in this room.

May, the youngest, was a talented artist. Her bedroom contains sketches of angelic, mythological and biblical figures on the woodwork and doors. In Louisa’s room May painted a panel of calla lilies as well as an owl on the fireplace. Copies of Turner seascapes by May hung in her parent’s bedroom.

In 1868, Louisa May wrote her classic novel Little Women in her room on a special folding “shelf” desk built by her father. Set within the house its characters are based on members of her family, with the plot loosely based on the family’s earlier years, and events that transpired at The Wayside. Also written in the house were Amos Bronson’s Ralph Waldo Emerson (1865; published 1882), Tablets (1868), Concord Days (1872), and Table Talk (1877).

On the grounds, to the west of the house, is a structure designed and built by Amos Bronson originally known as “The Hillside Chapel”, and later as “The Concord School of Philosophy”. Operating from 1879 to 1888 the school was one of the first, and one of the most successful, adult education centers in the country.

The Orchard House today

Orchard House is open for public tours daily, except for major holidays and between January 1st & 15th. An admission fee is charged.

The exterior looks much as it did in the Alcotts’ day. Care has been taken to keep extensive structural preservation work invisible. All of the furnishings are original to the mid-nineteenth century, about 75% belonged to the family, and the rooms look very much as they did when the Alcotts were in residence , aluminum outdoor chair .

The Hillside Chape , wood computer desk .

The dining room contains family china, portraits of the family members, and paintings by May along with period furnishings. The parlor is decorated with period wallpaper and a patterned reproduction carpet while family portraits and watercolors by May adorn the walls. Abigail May’s bread board, mortar and pestle, tin spice chest and wooden bowls are displayed on the hutch table in the kitchen. Other original kitchen features include a laundry drying rack designed by Amos Bronson, and a soapstone sink bought by Louisa. The study is furnished with Amos Bronson’s library table, chair and desk. The parent’s bedroom contains many of Abigail May’s possessions, including photographs, furniture, and hand made quilts.

The Orchard House has continued the tradition of The Concord School of Philosophy by hosting “The Summer Conversational Series” since 1977, and has recently added a “Teacher Institute” component. The Hillside Chapel is also used for youth programs, poetry readings, historical reenactments, and other special events.

References

^ a b c d e f g h i j Orchard House at the official site

^ “National Register Information System”. National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. 2007-01-23. http://www.nr.nps.gov/.

^ a b c Amos Bronson Alcott Network - Concord

^ Louisa May at the official site

^ Lexington Rd, Google Maps

^ a b c d The Dining Room at the official site

^ a b c The Parlor at the official site

^ May at the official site

^ May’s Room at the official site

^ Louisa’s Room at the official site

^ a b The Parent’s Room at the official site

^ a b Visitor information

^ Added by Jan Turnquist, Director of Orchard House

^ a b http://www.louisamayalcott.org/kitchen.html

^ The Study at the official site

See also

Orchard House official site

Transcendentalism

List of historic houses in Massachusetts

v d e

U.S. National Register of Historic Places

Keeper of the Register History of the National Register of Historic Places Property types Historic district Contributing property

List of entries

National Park Service National Historic Landmarks National Battlefields National Historic Sites National Historical Parks National Memorials National Monuments

Categories: Alcott family | Concord, Massachusetts | Historic house museums in Massachusetts | Houses in Massachusetts | Museums in Massachusetts | National Historic Landmarks in Massachusetts

Bar Stool ,



Life and work

Known to his friends and associates as Lajk, Breuer studied and taught at the Bauhaus in the 1920s. The Bauhaus curriculum stressed the simultaneous education of its students in elements of visual art, craft and the technology of industrial production. Breuer was eventually appointed to a teaching position as head of the school’s carpentry workshop. He later practiced in Berlin, designing houses and commercial spaces. In the 1920s and 1930s, Breuer pioneered the design of tubular steel furniture. Later in his career he would also turn his attention to the creation of innovative and experimental wooden furniture.

Perhaps the most widely-recognized of Breuer’s early designs was the first bent tubular steel chair, later known as the Wassily Chair, designed in 1925 and was inspired, in part, by the curved tubular steel handlebars on Breuer’s Adler bicycle. Despite the widespread popular belief that the chair was designed for painter Wassily Kandinsky, Breuer’s colleague on the Bauhaus faculty, it was not; Kandinsky admired Breuer’s finished chair design, and only then did Breuer make an additional copy for Kandinsky’s use in his home. When the chair was re-released in the 1960s, it was designated “Wassily” by its Italian manufacturer, who had learned that Kandinsky had been the recipient of one of the earliest post-prototype units.

In the 1930s, due to the rise of the Nazi party in Germany, Breuer relocated to London. While in London, Breuer was employed by Jack Pritchard at the Isokon company; one of the earliest introducers of modern design to the United Kingdom. Breuer designed his Long Chair as well as experimenting with bent and formed plywood. Breuer eventually ended up in the United States. He taught at Harvard’s architecture school, working with students such as Philip Johnson and Paul Rudolph who later became well-known U.S. architects. (At one point Johnson called Breuer “a peasant mannerist”.) At the same time, Breuer worked with old friend and Bauhaus colleague Walter Gropius, also at Harvard, on the design of several houses in the Boston area.

University of Massachusetts campus center (right), Amherst, 1965-196 , banquet chair .

Breuer dissolved his partnership with Gropius in May 1941 and established his own firm in New York. The Geller House I of 1945 is the first to employ Breuer’s concept of the ‘binuclear’ house, with separate wings for the bedrooms and for the living / dining / kitchen area, separated by an entry hall, and with the distinctive ‘butterfly’ roof (two opposing roof surfaces sloping towards the middle, centrally drained) that became part of the popular modernist style vocabulary. A demonstration house set up in the MOMA garden in 1949 caused a new flurry of interest in the architect’s work, and an appreciation written by Peter Blake. When the show was over, the “House in the Garden” was dismantled and barged up the Hudson River for reassembly on the Rockefeller property in Pocantico Hills near Sleepy Hollow , stepping stool .

Whitney Museum of American Art, New York

The 1953 commission for UNESCO headquarters in Paris was a turning point for Breuer: a return to Europe, a return to larger projects after years of only residential commissions, and the beginning of Breuer’s adoption of concrete as his primary medium. He became known as one of the leading practitioners of Brutalism, with an increasingly curvy, sculptural, personal idiom. Windows were often set in soft, pillowy depressions rather than sharp, angular recesses. Many architects remarked at his ability to make concrete appear “soft”.

Between 1963 and 1964, Breuer began work on what is perhaps his best-known project, the Whitney Museum of American Art, in New York City. He also established a Parisian office with the name “Marcel Breuer Architecte,” from which he could better orchestrate his European projects. Also during this time, Herbert Beckhard, Murray Emslie, Hamilton Smith, and Robert F. Gatje became partners in Marcel Breuer and Associates. When Murray Emslie left a year later, he was replaced by Tician Papachristou, who had been recommended by Breuer’s former student, I. M. Pei.

Breuer is sometimes incorrectly credited, or blamed, for the former Pan Am Building (now the MetLife Building), an unpopular high-rise in New York City. The Pan Am was actually designed by Emery Roth & Sons with the assistance of Walter Gropius and Pietro Belluschi. Breuer’s name was associated with the site because in 1969 Breuer developed a 30-story proposed skyscraper over Grand Central Terminal, called “Grand Central Tower”, which Ada Louise Huxtable called “a gargantuan tower of aggressive vulgarity,” and which became a cause celebre. Breuer’s reputation was damaged, but the legal fallout improved the climate for landmark building preservation in New York City and across the United States.

Breuer’s Grand Central Tower set the foundations for his skyscraper idea. In 1966, the Cleveland Museum of Art needed to expand, one of its trustees was Brock Weir of Cleveland Trust Bank. Weir visited New York City scouting bank headquarter designs for a new Cleveland Trust Tower. Weir saw the proposed the Grand Central Tower idea and got Breuer to design the Cleveland Trust Tower. In 1968, the Cleveland Trust Tower plan was revealed. It was to have two twin towers flanking the bank’s 1908 rotunda. Construction began in 1969 and was completed in 1971. The second tower was to begin construction in 1971 but due to plans at Cleveland Trust, the second tower was not erected, but the tower is ready for expansion if needed. The Tower was renamed the AT Tower or the Ameritrust Tower after Cleveland Trust’s name change in 1980.

The Ameritrust has been vacant since the 1992 merger of Ameritrust and Society Bank. In 2005, Cuyahoga County commissioners bought the building for $22,000,000 with plans to use the site for a new county administration center. The commissioners decided in 2007 to demolish the Ameritrust Tower; however, many preservation groups strongly opposed demolition. In October 2007, the commissioners voted to sell the tower and site to a developer. On April 17, 2008, the K&D Group purchased the site with plans to preserve the tower as part of a $133 million hotel/condo complex.

Works (partial list)

His collection of papers and works were donated to the Archives of American Art in 1985-1999, by Constance Breuer, wife of Breuer.

Private residential buildings (U.S.)

Hagerty House, Cohasset, MA. 1937-1938

Breuer House I, Lincoln, MA. 1938-1939

J. Ford House, Lincoln, MA. 1939

Chamberlain Cottage, Wayland, MA. 1940

Geller House, Lawrence, Long Island, NY. 1945

Robinson House, Williamstown, MA. 1946-1948

Breuer House II, New Canaan, CT. 1947-1948

Marshad House, Croton-on-Hudson, NY 1949

Cape Cod Cottages

Breuer Cottage, Wellfleet, MA. 1945-1949-1961

Kepes Cottage, Wellfleet, MA. 1948-1949

Edgar Stillman Cottage, Wellfleet, MA. 1953-1954

Wise Cottage, Wellfleet, MA. 1963

Stillman I, Litchfield, CT. 1950

Exhibition House in the MoMA Garden, Pocantico Hills, Tarrytown, NY. 1948-1949

Clark House, Orange, CT. 1949-1951

Pack House, Scarsdale, NY. 1950-1951

Dexter Ferry Cooperative House of Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY. 1951

Gagarin House 1, Litchfield, CT 1955

Grieco House, Andover, MA. 1954-1955

Starkey House, Duluth, MN, 1954-1955

Hooper House II, Baltimore County, MD. 1956-1959

Stillman II, Litchfield, CT. 1966

Stillman III, Litchfield, CT. 1973-74

Gagarin House II, Litchfield CT 1974

Stillman Roman Cottage, Litchfield, CT. 1974 (Breuer Wellfleet Cottage plans; Built by Rufus Stillman)

Public / commercial buildings

Gane Pavilion, Bristol, 1936

Pennsylvania Pavilion, 1939 New York World’s Fair, 1939

Aluminum City Terrace housing project, New Kensington, Pennsylvania. 1942-1944

Ariston Club, Mar del Plata, Argentina with Eduardo Catalano, and Francisco Coire. 1948.

European UNESCO Headquarters, Paris, 1953

St. John’s Abbey Church, 1961

UNESCO headquarters, Paris, France. 1953 (with Pier Luigi Nervi and Bernard Zehrfuss).

De Bijenkorf department store, Rotterdam, Netherlands 1955-1957.

various buildings at the St. John’s University in Collegeville, Minnesota:

Saint Thomas Hall. 1959

Saint John’s Abbey Church. 1961

Alcuin Library. 1964

Peter Engel Science Center. 1965

Saints Bernard, Patrick, and Boniface Halls. 1967

Institute for Ecumenical and Cultural Research. 1968

Bush Center for the Hill Monastic Manuscript Library. 1975

United States Embassy, The Hague, Netherlands. 1958

various buildings at the University of Mary in Bismarck, North Dakota

City University of New York, Herbert H. Lehman College, Fine Arts Building

various buildings at New York University (now Bronx Community College) University Heights Campus, Bronx, New York:

Begrisch (Lecture) Hall. 1964

Gould Hall of Technology (now Polowczek Hall). 1964

Colston (Residence) Hall

Tech I & II (now Meister Hall)

Campus Center and Garage, University of Massachusetts Amherst. 1965/69

The Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY. 1966

Armstrong Rubber/Pirelli Tire Building, Long Wharf, New Haven, CT. 1969

Flaine, France. (the entire ski resort town, population 6000), completed 1969

Becton Engineering and Applied Science Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT. 1970

AT Tower, Cleveland, Ohio, 1971

Cleveland Museum of Art North Building expansion, Cleveland, Ohio, 1971

Bryn Mawr School Lower School complex, Baltimore, MD….

Leather USB Flash Disk (BY048) ,



Cup styles

As candles have become popular again, tea-light candles have been protected under several patented designs. In some cases, the standard tea light metal cup has been replaced with a clear plastic cup. However, the metal cups are still offered by many candle makers. The clear cup allows more light to escape the holder, and even offers a “stained glass” look when multiple colors are used. In the early 2000s, a new shape of cup was patented to encourage more even burning and complete liquifaction of the wax. The new cup shape slopes inward toward the wick, forcing the wax pool toward the wick. This technology change has worked to increase burn time and in some cases scent throw. These candles are also available in decorative pieces.

Fire risks

Tealights are increasingly implicated as the cause of domestic fires and a common form of misuse is the placing of spent matches or other debris inside the tea-light during use. This can lead to dangerous overheating.

The overheating leads to the wax reaching its “fire point” and igniting. As the wax is consumed the excessive heat is tranferred to the metal of the holder. The base reaches temperatures exceeding 300 Celsius. This is sufficient to melt through plastic and if the tealight has been placed unprotected on a television or other cabinet-style plastic items it will melt the plastic. The hot tealight falls through the hole created and, if the plastic is not fire resistant, the flame ignites the edge of the hole as it passes. This has led to many uncontrolled fires and some deaths , flashlight led bulb .

It is not an issue only of misuse: some tealights are of poor design or quality, some are subject to poor quality control in manufacture , par can lights .

There is a substantial amount of research on this subject in the UK. The first paper and formal identification of the problem was presented in October 1999 by David Townsend of the London Fire Brigade, United Kingdom. This led to further study in November 2000 by the Consumers Association on behalf of the Department of Trade and Industry (ref:URN 00/1106).

Decorative tealights

Varieties

Tealights can come in many different shapes and sizes, as well as burn times and scents. Some tealights can be used together to create a certain atmosphere.

Holders

Tealights are especially popular for use with candle holders. From small pockets of glass, metal, ceramic and other materials to larger, more elaborate tea light lamps, holders come in a wide range of styles, colors, and shapes. Holders have an appropriately sized cup to use a tealight candle, either scented or unscented. Discount stores, gift stores, and home decor stores often carry an array of holders for these small candles.[citation needed]

References

Categories: CandlesHidden categories: Articles lacking sources from September 2008 | All articles lacking sources | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from September 2008

Hair Setter ,



Terminology

In the UK and Canada adult male chickens are known as cocks whereas in America and Australia they are called roosters. Males under a year old are cockerels. Castrated roosters are called capons (though both surgical and chemical castration are now illegal in some parts of the world). Females over a year old are known as hens, and younger females are pullets. In Australia and New Zealand (also sometimes in Britain), there is a useful generic term chook (rhymes with “book”) to describe all ages and both sexes. Babies are called chicks, and the meat is called chicken.

“Chicken” was originally the word only for chicks, and the species as a whole was then called domestic fowl, or just fowl. This use of “chicken” survives in the phrase “Hen and Chickens,” sometimes used as a UK public house or theatre name, and to name groups of one large and many small rocks or islands in the sea (see for example Hen and Chicken Islands).

General biology and habitat

Chickens are considered omnivores. In the wild, they often scratch at the soil to search for seeds, insects and even larger animals such as lizards or young mice , egg incubators .

Chickens in nature may live for five to eleven years, depending on the breed. In commercial intensive farming, a meat chicken generally lives only six weeks before slaughter. A free range or organic meat chicken will usually be slaughtered at about 14 weeks. Hens of special laying breeds may produce as many as 300 eggs a year. After 12 months, the hen’s egg-laying ability starts to decline, and commercial laying hens are then slaughtered and used in baby foods, pet foods, pies and other processed foods. The world’s oldest chicken, according to the Guinness Book of World Records, died of heart failure when she was 16 years old , chicken egg incubator .

The male can be differentiated from the female by its comb

Roosters can usually be differentiated from hens by their striking plumage, marked by long flowing tails and shiny, pointed feathers on their necks and backs (the hackles and saddle)hese are often colored differently from the hackles and saddles of females.

However, in some breeds, such as the Sebright, the cock has only slightly pointed neck feathers, the same colour as the hen’s. The identification must be made by looking at the comb, or eventually from the development of spurs on the male’s legs (in a few breeds and in certain hybrids the male and female chicks may be differentiated by colour). Adult chickens have a fleshy crest on their heads called a comb or cockscomb, and hanging flaps of skin either side under their beaks called wattles. Both the adult male and female have wattles and combs, but in most breeds these are more prominent in males.

A muff or beard is a mutation found in several chicken breeds which causes extra feathering under the chicken’s face, giving the appearance of a beard.

Wild Red Junglefowl- Male at 23 Mile near Jayanti in Buxa Tiger Reserve in Jalpaiguri district of West Bengal, India.

Domestic chickens are not capable of long distance flight, although lighter birds are generally capable of flying for short distances, such as over fences or into trees (where they would naturally roost). Chickens will sometimes fly to explore their surroundings, but usually do so only to flee perceived danger.

Chickens are gregarious birds and live together as a flock. They have a communal approach to the incubation of eggs and raising of young. Individual chickens in a flock will dominate others, establishing a “pecking order,” with dominant individuals having priority for access to food and nesting locations. Removing hens or roosters from a flock causes a temporary disruption to this social order until a new pecking order is established. Adding hensspecially younger birdso an existing flock, can lead to violence and injury.

Hens will try to lay in nests that already contain eggs, and have been known to move eggs from neighbouring nests into their own. Some farmers use fake eggs made from plastic or stone (or golf balls) to encourage hens to lay in a particular location. The result of this behavior is that a flock will use only a few preferred locations, rather than having a different nest for every bird.

Hens can also be extremely stubborn about always laying in the same location. It is not unknown for two (or more) hens to try to share the same nest at the same time. If the nest is small, or one of the hens is particularly determined, this may result in chickens trying to lay on top of each other.

Skull of a chicken three weeks old. Here the opisthotic bone appears in the occipital region, as in the adult Chelonian. bo = Basi-occipital, bt = Basi-temporal, eo = Opisthotic, f = Frontal, fm = Foramen magnum, fo = Fontanella, oc = Occipital condyle, op = Opisthotic, p = Parietal, pf = Post-frontal, sc = Sinus canal in supra-occipital, so = Supra-occpital, sq = Squamosal, 8 = Exit of vagus nerve.

Roosters crowing (a loud and sometimes shrill call) is a territorial signal to other roosters. However, crowing may also result from sudden disturbances within their surroundings. Hens cluck loudly after laying an egg, and also to call their chicks.

In 2006, scientists researching the ancestry of birds “turned on” a chicken recessive gene, talpid2, and found that the embryo jaws initiated formation of teeth, like those found in ancient bird fossils. John Fallon, the overseer of the project, stated that chickens have “…retained the ability to make teeth, under certain conditions…”

Courting

When a rooster finds food. he may call the other chickens to eat it first. He does this by clucking in a high pitch as well as picking up and dropping the food. This behavior can also be observed in mother hens, calling their chicks. In some cases the rooster will drag the wing opposite the hen on the ground, while circling her. This is part of chicken courting ritual and has been called a “dance”. The dance triggers a response in the hen’s brain, and when the hen responds to his “call,” the rooster may mount the hen and proceed with the fertilization.

Breeding

Origins

Formerly, phenotypic diversity of modern chickens led to a belief of polyphyletic origins. According to genetic researchers, all modern chicken genes can be derived from the subspecies of Gallus found in northeast Thailand. This is supported by archaeological findings. Researchers have found chickens’ bones in unusual amounts and out of natural jungle range, thus denoting a breeding place. Bones of domestic chickens have been found about 6000-4000 BC in Yangshao and Peiligan, China, while the Holocene climate was not naturally suitable for the Gallus species. Archaeological data is lacking for Thailand and southeast Asia.

Later traces are found about 3000-2000 BC in Hrappa and Mohenjo-Daro, Pakistan, and -according to linguistic researchers- in Austronesian populations traveling across southeast Asia and Oceania. A northern road spread chicken to the Tarim basin of central Asia, modern day Iran. The chicken reached Europe (Romania, Turkey, Greece, Urkraine) about 3000BC, and the Indus Valley about 2500 BC. Introduction into Western Europe came far later, about the 1st millennium BC. Phoenicians spread chickens along the Mediterranean coasts, to Iberia. Breeding increased under the Roman Empire, and was reduced in the Middle Ages. Middle East traces of chicken go back to a little earlier than 2000 BC, in Syria; chicken went southward only in the 1st millennium BC. The chicken reached Egypt for purposes of cock fighting about 1400BC, and became widely bred only in Ptolemaic Egypt (about 300 BC). Little is known about the chicken’s introduction into Africa. Three possible ways of introduction in about the early first millennium AD could have been through the Egyptian Nile Valley, the East Africa Roman-Greek or Indian trade, or from Carthage and the Berbers, across the Sahara. The earliest known remains are from Mali, Nubia, East Coast, and South Africa and date back to the middle of the first millennium AD. Domestic chicken in the Americas before Western conquest is still an ongoing discussion, but blue-egged chicken, found only in the Americas and Asia, suggest an Asian origin for early American chickens.

A lack of data from Thailand, Russia, the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa makes it difficult to lay out a clear map of the spread of chickens in these areas; better description and genetic analysis of local breeds threatened by extinction may also help with research into this area.

Current

Chicken eggs vary in color depending on the hen, typically ranging from bright white to shades of brown and even blue, green, and recently reported purple (found in South Asia) (Araucana varieties).

Under natural conditions, most birds lay only until a clutch is complete, and they will then incubate all the eggs. Many domestic hens will also do this and are then said to “go broody”. The broody hen will stop laying and instead will focus on the incubation of the eggs (a full clutch is usually about 12 eggs). She will “sit” or “set” on the nest, protesting or pecking in defense if disturbed or removed, and she will rarely leave the nest to eat, drink, or dust-bathe. While brooding, the hen maintains the nest at a constant temperature and humidity, as well as turning the eggs regularly during the first part of the incubation. To stimulate broodiness, an owner may place many artificial eggs in the nest, or to stop it they may place the hen in an elevated cage with an open wire floor.

At the end of the incubation period (about 21 days), the eggs, if fertile, will hatch. Development of the egg starts only when incubation…