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Counterfeiting of money or government bonds
This section requires expansion.
Two forged UK pound coins. The left coin shows poor surface clarity, irregular reeding and no side lettering. The right coin demonstrates poor metal quality.
Main article: Counterfeit money
Counterfeit money is currency that is produced without the legal sanction of the state or government; counterfeit government bonds are public debt instruments produced without legal sanction with the intention of “cashing them in” for authentic currency, or using them as collateral to secure legitimate loans or lines of credit. An attempt to smuggle approximately $135 Billion in U.S. Treasury bonds across an international border was discovered in Italy in June 2009. , j12 chanel watch .
Counterfeiting of document , bape watches .
Main article: Forgery
Forgery is the process of making or adapting documents with the intention to deceive. It is a form of fraud, and is often a key technique in the execution of identity theft. Uttering and publishing is a term in United States law for the forgery of non-official documents, such as a trucking company’s time and weight logs.
Questioned document examination is a scientific process for investigating many aspects of various documents, and is often used to examine the provenance and verity of a suspected forgery. Security printing is a printing industry specialty, focused on creating documents which are difficult or impossible to forge.
Counterfeiting of consumer goods
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Main article: Counterfeit consumer goods
A Sharpie marker, next to a “Shoupie” marker.
The spread of counterfeit goods has become global in recent years and the range of goods subject to infringement has increased significantly. According to the study of Counterfeiting Intelligence Bureau (CIB) of the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) counterfeit Goods make up 5 to 7% of World Trade, however, these figures cannot be substantiated.. According to the International Anti-Counterfeiting Coalition if the knockoff economy were a business, it would be the world biggest. A recent report by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development indicates that up to 200 Billion U.S. Dollars of international trade could have been in counterfeit and illegally-copied goods in 2005 (2% of World Trade in 2005)
Some see the rise in counterfeiting of goods as an inevitable product of globalization. As more and more companies, in an effort to increase profits, move manufacturing to the cheaper labor markets of the third world, areas with weaker labor laws or environmental regulations, they give the means of production to foreign workers. These new managers of production have little or no loyalty to the original corporation. They see that profits are being made by the global brand for doing little (other than advertising) and see the possibilities of removing the middle men (i.e. the parent corporation) and marketing directly to the consumer.
Certain consumer goods, especially very expensive or desirable brands or those which are easy to reproduce cheaply have become frequent and common targets of counterfeiting. The counterfeiters either attempt to deceive the consumer into thinking they are purchasing a legitimate item, or convince the consumer that they could deceive others with the imitation. An item which doesn’t attempt to deceive, such as a copy of a DVD with missing or different cover art, is often called a “bootleg” or a “pirated copy” instead.
Some counterfeits are produced in the same factory that produces the original, authentic product, using the same materials. The factory owner, unbeknownst to the trademark owner, orders an intentional ‘overrun’. Without the employment of anti-counterfeiting measures, identical manufacturing methods and materials make this type of counterfeit (and it is still a form of counterfeit, as its production and sale is unauthorized by the trademark owner) impossible to distinguish from the authentic article.
To try to avoid this, companies may have the various parts of an item manufactured in independent factories and then limit the supply of certain distinguishing parts to the factory that performs the final assembly to the exact number required for the number of items to be assembled (or as near to that number as is practicable) and/or may require the factory to account for every part used and to return any unused, faulty, or damaged parts. To help distinguish the originals from the counterfeits, the copyright holder may also employ the use of serial numbers and/or holograms etc., which may be attached to the product in another factory still.
See also
Authentication
Bootleg
Coin counterfeiting
Counterfeit watch
Slug (coin)
Entertainment Law
Fake
FBI
File sharing
Forgery
Illegal stamps
Intellectual property
Philatelic fakes and forgeries
Ripping
Triad (underground societies)
White Collar Crime
Counterfeit banknote detection pen
Copyright infringement
Tepito (Mexican centre for illegal copies and counterfeit)
Placebo
United States Secret Service
References
^ ICC Counterfeiting Intelligence Bureau (1997), Countering Counterfeiting: A Guide to Protecting and Enforcing Intellectual Property Rights, United Kingdom.
^ Welcome to KITSCHPURSES.COM
^ “The Economic Effect of Counterfeiting and Piracy, Executive Summary” (PDF). OECD, Paris. 2007. http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/13/12/38707619.pdf. Retrieved on 2007.
Detecting the Truth: Fakes, Forgeries and Trickery, a virtual museum exhibition at Library and Archives Canada
External links
U.S. Secret Service article about how to detect counterfeit money.
Bank of England guide to bank note security features.
A site that tracks eBay counterfeits.
A site that discusses counterfeit antique Judaica.
Approximately $135 Billion in counterfeit U.S. Treasury Bonds–Wow!
Categories: Hoaxes | Forgery | Commercial crimesHidden categories: Articles to be expanded | All articles to be expanded | Articles needing additional references from March 2009
