business

MD7045 chandelier ,



Types

Major cities in the United Kingdom and the United States often have a variety of nightclubs, and some small towns and cities also have nightclubs. Nightclubs often feature lighting and other effects, to enhance the dancing experience. Lighting and effects include flashing colored lights, moving light beams, laser light shows, strobe lights, mirror-covered disco balls, or foam, and smoke machines.

Nightclub hours vary widely across the world; in areas with strict liquor regulations in place, nightclubs may have a legal requirement to close at a certain hour. These cities sometimes have illegal “after hours” clubs that stay open and serve alcohol after this legal closing time. In non-regulated areas, nightclubs stay open all night and into early daylight hours.

Entertainment is the main attraction at some types of nightclubs. One type of club is a concert club, which specializes in hosting performances of live music. In contrast to regular night clubs, concert clubs are usually only open when a performance is scheduled. Other types of clubs include “all-ages” clubs, which allow non-drinking age attendees.

Dancers move to the beat of a DJ’s dance music at a nightclu , led flashlight keychain .

Nightclubs can be built in former warehouses and cinemas, underground buildings, and custom-built buildings, and generally have thick insulated walls and few or no windows, so that the neighboring buildings will not be disturbed by the powerful beat of the dance music and the flashing strobe lights. This style of construction also keeps light and noise from the street from entering the club , ice cube lights .

This allows the nightclub to turn the dance floor into an alternate, illusory realm of timelessness. Even if an all-night rave at a nightclub lasts until 6 a.m., when it is light outside, to the clubgoers, it is still dark inside the club, and the partying and dancing continue. In most cases, entering a night club requires a flat fee called a cover charge. Early arriveers and women often have cover waived (in the United Kingdom, this latter option is illegal under the Sex Discrimination Act 1975). Friends of the doorman or the club owner may gain free entrance. Sometimes, especially at larger clubs, one only gets a pay card at the entrance, on which all money spent in the discothque (often including the entrance fee) is marked. Sometimes, entrance fee and wardrobe costs are paid by cash and only the drinks in the club are paid using a pay card.

History

Early history

Clubgoers dancing at an upscale nightclub

During US Prohibition, nightclubs went underground as illegal speakeasy bars. With the repeal of Prohibition in February 1933 nightclubs were revived, such as New York’s Stork Club, El Morocco and the Copacabana. In Harlem, the Cotton Club and Connie’s Inn were popular venues for white audiences. Before 1953 and even some years thereafter, most bars and nightclubs used a jukebox or mostly live bands. In Paris, at a club named Whisky Gogo, Rgine laid down a dance-floor, suspended coloured lights and replaced the juke-box with two turntables which she operated herself so there would be no breaks between the music. The Whisky Gogo set into place the standard elements of the modern discothque-style nightclub. In the early 1960s, Mark Birley opened a members-only discothque nightclub, Annabel’s, in Berkeley Square, London. However, the first rock and roll generation preferred rough and tumble bars and taverns to nightclubs, and the nightclub did not attain mainstream popularity until the 1970s disco era.

1970s: Disco

By the late 1970s many major US cities had thriving disco club scenes which were centered around discothques, nightclubs, and private loft parties where DJs would play disco hits through powerful PA systems for the dancers. The DJs played “… a smooth mix of long single records to keep people ‘dancing all night long’” Some of the most prestigious clubs had elaborate lighting systems that throbbed to the beat of the music. The largest UK cities like Liverpool, Manchester, London and several key European places like Paris, Berlin, Ibiza, Rimini also played a significant role in the evolution of clubbing, DJ culture and nightlife.

Some cities had disco dance instructors or dance schools which taught people how to do popular disco dances such as “touch dancing”, the “hustle” and the “cha cha”. There were also disco fashions that discothque-goers wore for nights out at their local disco, such as sheer, flowing Halston dresses for women and shiny polyester Qiana shirts for men. Disco clubs and “…hedonistic loft parties” had a club culture which had many African American, gay and Hispanic people.

In addition to the dance and fashion aspects of the disco club scene, there was also a thriving drug subculture, particularly for recreational drugs that would enhance the experience of dancing to the loud music and the flashing lights, such as cocaine (nicknamed “blow”), amyl nitrite “poppers” , and the “…other quintessential 1970s club drug Quaalude, which suspended motor coordination and turned one’s arms and legs to Jell-O”. The “massive quantities of drugs ingested in discothques by newly liberated gay men produced the next cultural phenomenon of the disco era: rampant promiscuity and public sex. While the dance floor was the central arena of seduction, actual sex usually took place in the nether regions of the disco: bathroom stalls, exit stairwells, and so on. In other cases the disco became a kind of “main course” in a hedonist’s menu for a night out.”

Famous 1970s discothques included “…cocaine-filled celeb hangouts such as Manhattan’s Studio 54 “, which was operated by Steve Rubell and Ian Schrager. Studio 54 was notorious for the hedonism that went on within; the balconies were known for sexual encounters, and drug use was rampant. Its dance floor was decorated with an image of the “Man in the Moon” that included an animated cocaine spoon. Other famous discothques included The Loft, the Paradise Garage, and Aux Puces, one of the first gay disco bars. By the early 1980s, the term “disco” had largely fallen out of favor in North America.

Clubs Classified as Meat Markets included names such as Peppermint Tiger, Toy Tiger, 2001, Dixie Electric, The Dungeon and Picadilly operated by Alex Findlay. These clubs were wildly popular, built in huge department stores accommodating as many 12,000 people. The clubs were saddled with nick names as Pick a Dick and Pick a Filly and came under fire from many religious communities, but they filled a need which was evident by the shoulder to shoulder crowds. When asked how to design a successful Club Findlay responded ” Simply stack in the people in as many different varieties as possible, offer discount store pricing with the class of a Kroger super store, music to motivate stimulate or relax and enough eyes in the sky backed up by highly trained security. People come to shop for partners so make sure they have a good experience and find what they are looking for. Simply put make sure the customer is satisfied by providing unique settings to satisfy all 5 physiological profiles. Never ever think of a Focus Study as a waste of money. It is one of the most prudent investments and provides a hidden view that is not always easily recognized. Findlay went on to say never run out of people and never feel bad about criticism because many critics pass judgment simply because their baptist preacher tells them to do so, however I do not recommend asking for problems because the pastors congregation are much more likely to vote than any Night Club Patron and is wise not to become a vote gathering machine at election issue.

1980s New York, London & Europe

During the 1980s, during the New Romantic movement, London had a vibrant nightclub scene, which included clubs like The Blitz, the Batcave, the Camden Palace and Club for Heroes. Both music and fashion embraced the aesthetics of the movement. Bands included Depeche Mode, The Human League, Duran Duran, Blondie, Eurythmics and Ultravox. Reggae-influenced bands included Boy George and Culture Club, and electronic vibe bands included Visage. At London nightclubs, young men would often wear make-up and young women would wear mens’ suits.

The largest UK cities like Liverpool, Quadrant Park and 051, Swansea, Manchester (The Haienda) and several key European places like Paris (Les Bains Douches), Berlin, Ibiza (Pacha), Rimini etc also played a significant role in the evolution of clubbing, DJ culture and nightlife.

Significant New York nightclubs of the period were Area, Danceteria, and The Limelight.

1990s and 2000s

In Europe and North America, nightclubs play disco-influenced dance music such as house music, techno, and other dance music styles such as electro or trance. Most nightclubs in the U.S. major cities play hip hop, house and trance music. These clubs are generally the largest and most frequented of all of the different types of clubs. The emergence of the Superclub created a global phenomenon, with Ministry of Sound (London), Idols (Swansea) Cream (nightclub) (Liverpool) and Pacha (Ibiza).

In most other languages, nightclubs are referred to as “discos” or “discothques” (French: discothque; Italian and Spanish: discoteca, antro (Common in Mexico only), and “boliche” (Common in Argentina only), “discos” is commonly used in all others in Latinamerica; German: Disko or Diskothek). In Japanese , disuko refers to an older, smaller, less fashionable venue; while , kurabu refers to a more recent, larger, more popular venue. The term night is used to refer to an evening focusing on a specific genre, such as “retro music night” or a “singles night.”

…

New Cutting Scrap (Bushelling Scrap / Black Iron) ,



Early history

General Motors hired designer Harley Earl in 1927. Earl loved sports cars, and GIs returning after serving overseas in the years following World War II were bringing home MGs, Jaguars, Alfa Romeos, and the like. In 1951, Nash Motors began selling an expensive two-seat sports car, the Nash-Healey, that was made in partnership with the Italian designer Pinin Farina and British auto engineer Donald Healey, but there were few moderate-priced models. Earl convinced GM that they also needed to build a two-seat sports car, and with his Special Projects crew began working on the new car later that year, which was code named “Project Opel.” The result was the 1953 Corvette, unveiled to the public at that year’s Motorama car show. The original concept for the Corvette emblem incorporated an American flag into the design, but was changed well before production since associating the flag with a product was frowned upon.

Myron Scott is credited for naming the car after the corvette, a small, maneuverable fighting frigate. The first Corvettes were virtually hand-built in Flint, Michigan in Chevrolet’s Customer Delivery Center, now an academic building at Kettering University. The outer body was made out of then-revolutionary fiberglass, selected in part because of steel quotas left over from the war. Underneath the new body material were standard Chevrolet components, including the “Blue Flame” inline six-cylinder truck engine, two-speed Powerglide automatic transmission, and drum brakes from Chevrolet’s regular car line. Though the engine’s output was increased somewhat, thanks to a triple-carburetor intake exclusive to the Corvette, performance of the car was decidedly “lackluster”. Compared to the British and Italian sports cars of the day, the Corvette was underpowered, required a great deal of effort as well as clear roadway to bring to a stop, and even lacked a “proper” manual transmission. A Paxton centrifugal supercharger became available in 1954 as a dealer-installed option, greatly improving the Corvette’s straight-line performance, but sales continued to decline.

The Chevrolet division was GM’s entry-level marque. GM was seriously considering shelving the project, leaving the Corvette to be little more than a footnote in automotive history, and would have done so if not for two important events. The first was the introduction in 1955 of Chevrolet’s first V8 engine since 1919, and the second was the influence of a Soviet migr in GM’s engineering department, Zora Arkus-Duntov. The new 265 cu in (4.3 L) V8 became available with a three-speed manual transmission late in the model year turning the “rather anemic Corvette into a credible if not outstanding performer”. Although not part of the original project, Arkus-Duntov was the architect of the car’s performance image and in 1956 he became the director of high-performance vehicle design and development for Chevrolet helping him earn the nickname “Father of the Corvette.”

Another key factor in the Corvette’s survival was Ford’s introduction, in 1955, of the two-seat Thunderbird, which was billed as a “personal luxury car”, not a sports car. Even so, the Ford-Chevrolet rivalry in those days demanded that GM not appear to back down from the challenge. The “T-Bird” was changed to a four-seater in 1958 , scrap machine .

C1 (19531962 , used rail .

Main article: Chevrolet Corvette C1

1954 Corvette with standard factory stone guards on lights.

1958 Corvette roadster with non factory wheels.

The first generation is most commonly referred to as a “solid-axle”, based on the fact that independent rear suspension (IRS) was not available until 1963. The first generation started in 1953 and ended in 1962.

With limited production due to the fact that they were all hand built and assembled, the 1953 Corvette, with a total of only 300 units produced, is the rarest and most sought after Corvette model year. With few changes except for color choices and production numbers, the 1954 is the last Corvette to have a 6-cylinder engine. 1955 saw the introduction of the V8 engine, replacing the underpowered “Blue Flame” straight-6. The first seven 55’s off the production line did however feature the in-line 6. Aside from the engine, the 1955 model can be differentiated by its logohe “V” in Corvette is enlarged and gold colored, signifying the V8 engine under the hood.

In 1956 a new body was designed for the car which changed it from a country club style sports car. One noteworthy addition of optional fuel injection in mid-1957 (also available on Chevrolet Bel Air). Fuel injection first saw regular use on a gasoline engine two years prior on the Mercedes-Benz 300SL “gullwing” roadster. Although the Corvette’s GM-Rochester injection used a constant flow system as opposed to the diesel style nozzle metering system of the Mercedes’, it nevertheless produced about 290 hp (216 kW) (gross). The number was listed by Chevrolet’s advertising agency for the 283 hp/283 CID (4.6L) “one hp per cubic inch” slogan, making it one of the first mass-produced engines in history to reach 1 hp/CID. Other early options included power windows (1956), hydraulically operated power convertible top (1956), four speed manual transmission (late 1957), and heavy duty brakes and suspension (1957).

The 1958 Corvette saw another body freshening and more options available. This year had the most exterior chrome and was the heaviest of the C-1s. From its quad headlights and hood louvers to its twin trunk spars and bumper exiting exhaust, it was the flashiest Corvette ever built. 1959-60 saw little changes except ever decreasing chrome and increasing HP. For 1961 a complete change to the rear of the car was made, with hints of things to come. It had a “boat tail” rear with the first year to have 4 round tail lights. In 1962, the Chevrolet 283 cu. in. (4.6L) small block was enlarged to 327 cu in (5.4 L) and produced a maximum of 360 hp (268 kW) making it the fastest of the C-1s and by now almost completely devoid of chrome.

1962 was the last year for many things: wrap around windshield, solid rear axle and convertible-only body style. The trunk lid and exposed headlights disappeared for decades, returning in 1998 and 2005, respectively.

Oldest surviving unit

The oldest surviving production Corvette is serial number E53F001003. This historic, one-time GM “test mule” is the third 1953 Corvette to ever come off the Flint assembly line and is known as “double-o-three” to Corvette enthusiasts. It was sold at a Barrett-Jackson auction on January 21, 2006 in Scottsdale, AZ for US$1,000,000.

However, the oldest Corvette in existence is believed to be the EX-122, a pre-production prototype that was hand built and first shown to the public at the 1953 GM Motorama at the Waldorf-Astoria in New York City on January 17, 1953. That car can now be seen at the Atlantic City Showroom and Museum of Kerbeck Corvette.

Another noteworthy 1953 Corvette belonged to actor John Wayne. Vin #51 was delivered to Wayne on October 7, 1953. It is currently on display at the National Automobile Museum (formerly the Harrah’s Collection) in Reno, Nevada.

C2 (19631967)

Main article: Chevrolet Corvette C2

1963 Chevrolet Corvette Sting Ray split-window coupe.

The second generation, or mid-year, was designed by Larry Shinoda with major inspiration from a previous unproduced design called the “Q Corvette” by Peter Brock and Chuck Pohlmann, and under the styling direction of Bill Mitchell, started in 1963 and ended in 1967. Introducing a new name, Corvette Sting Ray, the 1963 model year Corvette was the first year for a coupe with its distinctive split rear window and non-functioning hood vents as well as an independent rear suspension. Duntov never liked the split rear window because it blocked rear vision. Bill Mitchell said if you eliminate the split you might as well forget the whole design. Duntov got his way on the 1964 model and the now unique ‘63 model gained the name “Split Window Coupe”. The decorative hood vents were also eliminated for ‘64. Maximum power for 1963 was 360 hp (268 kW) and was raised to 375 hp (280 kW) in 1964.

Four-wheel disc brakes were introduced in 1965, as was a “big block” engine option (the 396 CID (6.5 L) V8). Side exhaust pipes became optional on the 1965 Sting Ray and persisted through 1967, then again for 1969. Chevrolet would up the ante in 1966 with the introduction of an even larger 427 CID (7 L) version, creating what would be one of the most collectible Corvettes ever. In 1967 an L-88 version of the 427 was introduced, which was rated at 430 hp (321 kW), but unofficial estimates place the actual output at 560 hp (418 kW) or more. Only twenty such engines were installed at the factory in the 1967 Corvette, and the cars can fetch US$1,000,000 or more in auction today. From 1967 to 1969, the 1282 cu ft/min Holley triple two-barrel carburetor, or Tri-Power, was available on the 427. The 1967 Corvette originally was going to be the first of the C3 generation; however, due to delays the C3 had to be put off until 1968. This was also the first year for the L-88 engine option with about 550 bhp (410 kW). Other early options available on the C2 included the WonderBar auto-tuning AM radio, an AM-FM radio (mid 1963), air conditioning (late 1963), a telescopic steering wheel (1965) and headrests, presumably to prevent whiplash (1966).

1965 327/375 hp (5.4 L/280 kW) Fuel Injected Corvette Sting Ray Roadster.

The 1965 introduction of the 425 hp 396 CID big block was ultimately the harbinger of doom for the Rochester…

Leather Polishing Cloth ,



History

“The People’s Car”

Advertisement from c.1939 says “Five marks a week you must put aside - If in your own car you want to ride!”)

Starting in 1931, Ferdinand Porsche and Zndapp developed the “Auto fr Jedermann” (car for everybody). This was the first time the name “Volkswagen” was used. Porsche already preferred the flat-4 cylinder engine, but Zndapp used a watercooled 5-cylinder radial engine. In 1932, three prototypes were running. All of those cars were lost during the war, the last in a bombing raid over Stuttgart in 1945.

Porsche Type 12, 1931/32 by Zndapp Nrnber , urea manufacturer .

In 1933, Adolf Hitler gave the order to Ferdinand Porsche to develop a “Volks-Wagen” . The name means “people’s car” in German, in which it is pronounced [folksvgn]). He required a basic vehicle capable of transporting two adults and three children at 100 km/h (62 mph). The “People’s Car” would be available to citizens of the Third Reich through a savings scheme at 990 Reichsmark, about the price of a small motorcycle (an average income being around 32RM a week) , bosch wipers .

Erwin Komenda, Porsche’s chief designer, was responsible for the design and style of the car. But production only became worthwhile when finance was backed by the Third Reich. War started before large-scale production of the Volkswagen started, and manufacturing shifted to producing military vehicles. Production of civilian VW automobiles did not start until post-war occupation.

The military Beetle and production up to 1945

Kommandeurwagen

Initially called the Porsche 60 by Ferdinand Porsche, it was officially named the KdF-Wagen when the project was launched. The name refers to Kraft durch Freude (Strength Through Joy), the official leisure organization in the Third Reich. It was later known as the Type 1, but became more commonly known as the Beetle after World War II.

Prototypes appeared from 1931; the first were produced by Zndapp in Nrnberg, the Porsche Type 12. The next prototype series (Porsche Type 32) were built in 1933 by NSU, another motorcycle company. When Chrysler brought out its DeSoto Airflow coupe in 1934, final design for the car was decided.

In October 1935 the first Type 60 was ready. In 1935 testing of the “V3″ started. The “VW30″ prototypes had further testing in 1937. All cars already had the distinctive round shape and the air-cooled, rear-mounted engine, except for the Type 12, Zndapp preferred a 5-cylinder radial watercooled engine.

The factory had only produced a handful of cars by start of the war in 1939. Consequently, the first volume-produced versions of the car’s chassis were military vehicles, the Kbelwagen Type 82 (approx. 52,000 built) and the amphibious Schwimmwagen Type 166 (approx. 14,000 built).

The car was designed to be as simple as possible mechanically, so that there was less to go wrong; the aircooled 985 cc 25 horsepower (19 kW) motors proved especially effective in actions of the German Afrika Korps in Africa’s desert heat. This was due to the built-in oil-cooler, and the superior performance of the flat-4 engine configuration. The innovative suspension design used compact torsion bars instead of coil or leaf springs. The Beetle is more or less airtight and will float on water, indeed it is hard to slam the door on one since the difference in air pressure pushes it back before it shuts.

The model village of Stadt des KdF-Wagens was created in Lower Saxony in 1938 for the benefit of the workers at the factory.

A handful of Beetles were produced specifically for civilians, primarily for the Nazi elite, in the years 19401945, but production figures were small. Because of gasoline shortages, a few wartime “Holzbrenner” Beetles were fueled by wood pyrolysis gas producers under the hood. In addition to the Kbelwagen, Schwimmwagen, and handful of others, the factory managed another wartime vehicle: the Kommandeurwagen; a Beetle body mounted on the Kbelwagen chassis.

669 Kommandeurwagens were produced up to 1945, when all production was halted because of heavy damage to the factory by Allied air raids. Much of the essential equipment had already been moved to underground bunkers for protection, which let production resume quickly after hostilities ended.

Conflict with Tatra

Much of the Beetle design was inspired by the advanced Czech Tatra cars, designed under chief engineer Hans Ledwinka. In particular, Tatra T97 and T77a models show striking similarities with the later Volkswagen from many angles.

Thirties Tatras used streamlined bodies with rear-mounted engines. The T97, which is widely held to be the closest Tatra model to Porsche Volkswagen, had a four-cylinder horizontally-opposed (lat four) air-cooled engine. On a smaller scale, the company V570, a prototype for a smaller car, also shows quite a resemblance to the later German car.

But it wasn just Tatra aerodynamic styling that influenced Porsche. Tatra had pioneered the use of air-cooling in road vehicle engines with the original T77 in 1934. Air-cooling was demanding technologically, but desirable: there was no anti-freeze in the 1930s, so a vehicle could not be left parked for long in cold weather with its coolant in situ. Tatra wealthy customers could afford to pay for advanced technology, but Ferdinand Porsche was out on a limb in specifying air-cooling for his people car. In the end, it was subsidies from the Nazi government that paid for Porsche engineering good taste and brought the convenience of air-cooling to a mass audience albeit only after the second world war.

According to the book Car Wars, Adolf Hitler called the Tatra ‘the kind of car I want for my highways’. In the same book, it is said that Ferdinand Porsche admitted o have looked over Ledwinka shoulder while designing the Volkswagen. Tatra launched a lawsuit, but this was stopped when Germany invaded Czechoslovakia. At the same time, Tatra was forced to stop producing the T97. The matter was re-opened after WW2 and in 1961 Volkswagen paid Tatra 3,000,000 Deutsche Marks in compensation. These damages meant that Volkswagen had little money for the development of new models and the Beetle’s production life was necessarily extended. Tatra ceased producing passenger cars in 1950, then resumed again in 1954 as a manufacturer of large luxurious cars and limousines under various Communist governments in Czechoslovakia. Even the company last limousines were rear-engined and air cooled.

Tatra is now a truck manufacturer. All its engines are still air-cooled, despite the demands of modern emissions regulations.

Post-war production and boom

In occupied Germany, the Allies followed the Morgenthau plan to remove all German war potential by complete or partial pastoralization. As part of this, in the Industrial plans for Germany, the rules for which industry Germany was to be allowed to retain were set out. German car production was set at a maximum of 10% of the 1936 car production numbers.

The Volkswagen factory at Wolfsburg was handed over by the Americans to British control in 1945; it was to be dismantled and shipped to Britain. Thankfully for Volkswagen, no British car manufacturer was interested in the factory; “the vehicle does not meet the fundamental technical requirement of a motor-car … it is quite unattractive to the average buyer … To build the car commercially would be a completely uneconomic enterprise.” The factory survived by producing cars for the British Army instead. Allied dismantling policy changed in late 1946 to mid 1947, although heavy industry continued to be dismantled until 1951. In March 1947 Herbert Hoover helped change policy by stating

“There is the illusion that the New Germany left after the annexations can be reduced to a ‘pastoral state’. It cannot be done unless we exterminate or move 25,000,000 people out of it.”

The re-opening of the factory is largely accredited to British Army officer Major Ivan Hirst (19162000). Hirst was ordered to take control of the heavily bombed factory, which the Americans had captured. His first task was to remove an unexploded bomb which had fallen through the roof and lodged itself between some pieces of irreplaceable production equipment; if the bomb had exploded, the Beetle’s fate would have been sealed. Hirst persuaded the British military to order 20,000 of the cars, and by 1946 the factory was producing 1,000 cars a month. During this period the car and its town changed their Nazi-era names to Volkswagen (people’s car) and Wolfsburg, respectively. The first 1,785 Beetles were made in a factory near Wolfsburg in 1945.

The jeweled one-millionth VW Beetle

Following the Army-led restart of production,former Opel manager (and formerly a detractor of the VW*) Heinz Nordhoff was appointed director of the Volkswagen factory, under whom production increased dramatically over the following decade, with the one-millionth car coming off the assembly line by 1955. During this Post-war period, the Beetle had superior performance in its category with a top speed of 115 km/h (71 mph) and 0-100 km/h (0-60 mph) in 27.5 seconds on 36 mpg (15 km/l) for the standard 25 kw (33 hp) engine. This was far superior to the Citron 2CV and Morris Minor, and even competitive with more modern small cars like the Mini of the 1960s and later.

According to the book Small Wonder by Walter Henry Nelson:

“The engine fires up immediately without a choke. It has tolerable road-handling and is economical to maintain. Although a small car, the engine has great elasticity and gave the feeling of better output than its small nominal size.”

But opinion in the United States was not flattering, perhaps because of…

VOGUE SUNGLASSES ,



History

The word “jeans” comes from the French phrase bleu de Gnes, literally the blue of Genoa. Jeans fabric, or denim, originated independently in two places: the French town of Nmes, which ‘denim’ owes its name to; and in India, where trousers made of denim material were worn by the sailors of Dhunga, which came to be known as dungarees.

At around the same time, denim trousers were made in Chieri, a town near Turin (Italy), during the Renaissance, and were popularised in the 16th century. These trousers were sold through the harbour of Genoa, which was the capital of the independent Republic of Genoa which was a naval power.

Early examples of these trousers were made for the Genoese Navy, which required all-purpose pants for its sailors. They required pants that could be worn wet or dry, the legs of which could easily be rolled up to wear while swabbing the deck. These jeans were laundered by dragging them in large mesh nets behind the ship, and the exposure to sea water and sun would gradually bleach them to white. They were especially worn by Genoan sailors and stevedores who worked in France.

Dyein , wholesale shawl .

Traditionally, jeans were dyed to a blue color using natural indigo dye. Today, it is more common to use synthetic indigo dye or sulfur dye , y suspenders .

Riveted jean , camouflage caps .

A German-Jewish dry goods merchant Levi Strauss was selling blue jeans under the “Levi’s” name to the mining communities of California in the 1850s. One of Strauss’s customers was Jacob Davis, a tailor who frequently purchased bolts of cloth from the Levi Strauss & Co wholesale house. After one of Davis’s customers kept purchasing cloth to reinforce torn pants, he had an idea to use copper rivets to reinforce the points of strain, such as on the pocket corners and at the top of the button fly. Davis did not have the required money to purchase a patent, so he wrote to Strauss suggesting that they both go into business together. After Strauss accepted Davis’s offer, the two men received U.S. Patent 139,121, for an “Improvement in Fastening Pocket-Openings,” on May 20, 1873 , fashion glasses .

In 1885 jeans could be purchased in the US for $1.50 (approximately $34 in 2007). Today, an equivalent pair of jeans can be purchased for around $80, but more stylish pairs can cost much more. Many pairs of jeans are currently available for much less.

In popular culture

Copper rivets for reinforcing pockets are a characteristic feature of blue jeans.

The blue denim fabric of jeans

Initially, blue jeans were simply sturdy trousers worn by workers, especially in the factories during World War II. During this period, men’s jeans had the zipper down the front, whereas women’s jeans had the zipper down the right side. By the 1960s, both men’s and women’s jeans had the zipper down the front.

Boot-cut jeans became part of the official working uniform of the United States Navy in the 20th century prior to being replaced by the coveralls and utilities uniform, mostly likely inspired by their usage by European sailors in the past. The reason being was to prevent other more traditional uniforms from becoming soiled or torn in the ship’s rugged working environment and thus leaving them for wear during ceremonial occasions

In American popular culture during the 1950s, wearing of blue jeans by teenagers and young adults became symbolic of mild protest against conformity. This was considered by some older adults as disruptive; for example, some movie theaters and restaurants refused to admit patrons who wore blue jeans.

During the 1960s the wearing of blue jeans became more acceptable. By the 1970s had become a general fashion in the United States, at least for informal wear.

Notably, in the mid-1970s the denim and textiles industry was revolutionized by the introduction of the stone-washing technique by GWG (Great Western Garment Co.). Entrepreneur, importer, and noted eccentric Donald Freeland of Edmonton, Alberta pioneered the method, which helped to bring denim to a larger and more versatile market. Denim suddenly became an attractive product for all age groups and Freeland became one of the most important innovators in the history of denim and denim products. Acceptance of jeans continued through the 1980s and 1990s to the point where jeans are now a wardrobe staple, with the average North American owning seven pairs.

As imported American products, jeans were somewhat expensive, especially in the case of the Soviet Union which restricted hard currency imports. In Spain they are known as vaqueros or “cowboys,” in Danish cowboybukser meaning “cowboy pants” and in Chinese niuzaiku (SC: , TC: ), literally, “cowboy pants” (trousers), indicating their association with the American West, cowboy culture, and outdoors work. Similarly, the Hungarian name for jeans is “farmernadrg”, meaning “farmer-trousers”.

Jeans can be worn very loose in a manner that completely conceals the shape of the wearer’s lower body, or they can be snugly fitting and accentuate the body. Historic photographs indicate that in the decades before they became a staple of fashion, jeans generally fit quite loosely, much like a pair of bib overalls without the bib. Indeed, until 1960, Levi Strauss denominated its flagship product “waist overalls” rather than “jeans”.

Blue jean insulation

Recycled blue jean is becoming a popular insulation material (sometimes called Cotton Batt insulation) used in the construction of houses.[where?] Due to its low relative synthetic chemical composition and because it is made of recycled materials, it is gaining prominence in green building circles. Like conventional insulation, it moderates heat transfer and reduces sound transfer between floors or rooms. Blue Jean insulation has an R-Value of 13 to 19 (for 3.5 and 5.5 inch batts, respectively) making it a preferable insulator to typical fiberglass batts even without taking into account the environmental considerations.

Fits

Fits of jeans are determined by current styles, sex, and by the manufacturer. Here are some of the fits produced for jeans:

Ankle Jeans

Baggy jeans

Bell-bottoms/Flares/Boot-cut

Boy cut

Capris

Carpenter jeans

High waist cut

Jorts (Jean shorts)

Loose

Low-rise jeans/Hip-huggers

Overalls

Phat pants

Relaxed

Sagging

Shortalls

Skinny

Slim

Straight

Jeans come in many styles and fits based on the manufacturer. The styles popular of young adults include yellow and white fades to look as if they have been worn down and been worked in and skinny jeans worn with flats or Sperry Top-Siders in in a wide range of colors from red and purple to more traditional black and various shades of blue. Some brands even sell vintage looks where the legs are pre-scrathed and torn before use.

Rises in jeans (the distance from the crotch to the waistband) range from high-waisted to superlow-rise (Low rise can be called Low Riders). Jeans for men usually have a longer rise and zipper, whereas women have a shorter rise and zipper, although exceptions do exist and this is largely a function of current trends. In decades past, when high-waisted jeans were popular, it was often the women’s that featured a longer rise.

Quotes about jeans

“I have often said that I wish I had invented blue jeans: the most spectacular, the most practical, the most relaxed and nonchalant. They have expression, modesty, sex appeal, simplicity - all I hope for in my clothes.” Yves Saint-Laurent

See also

Denim

Designer jeans

Jean skirt

Jeans fetishism

References

^ Sullivan, James. Jeans: A Cultural History of an American Icon. London: Gotham Books. pp. 238239. ISBN 978-1592402144. OCLC 62697070.

^ “Chemistry of Blue Jeans: Indigo Synthesis and Dyeing”. University of Sydney. http://firstyear.chem.usyd.edu.au/LabManual/E36.pdf. Retrieved on 2009-02-25.

^ Sullivan, James. Jeans: A Cultural History of an American Icon. London: Gotham Books. p. 3. ISBN 978-1592402144. OCLC 62697070.

^ Lifestyle Monitor 2007 Denim Issue

^ Insulation Alternatives: Non-Fiberglass Batts

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Jeans

How Jeans Are Made

Collection of designer Jeans back pockets

v d e

Clothing

Materials

Cotton Fur Leather Linen Nylon Polyester Rayon Silk Spandex Wool

Tops

Blouse Crop top Dress shirt Halterneck Henley shirt Hoodie Jersey Guernsey (clothing) Polo shirt Shirt Sleeveless shirt Sweater T-shirt Tube top Turtleneck

Trousers or pants

Bell-bottoms Bermuda shorts Bondage pants Boxer shorts Capri pants Cargo pants Culottes Cycling shorts Dress pants Jeans Jodhpurs Overall Parachute pants Shorts Sweatpants Windpants

Skirts

Ballerina skirt Hobble skirt Jean skirt Job skirt Leather skirt Kilt Pencil skirt Poodle skirt Prairie skirt Miniskirt Microskirt Slip Skort Train

Dresses

Ball gown Cocktail dress Evening gown Gown Jumper dress Little black dress Petticoat Sari Sundress Tea gown Wedding dress

…

Satin Silk Hand Embroidered Tie Dye Kaftan ,



About the series

Main summary

The two main characters, Weebl and Bob, are best friends, but are easily prone to harassing and insulting each other (e.g. by calling each other “wanker”), though these insults are mainly directed at Bob. Both characters are egg-shaped creatures with wide mouths that split their heads in half (very similar to the way Ike and other Canadians are portrayed on South Park), and move by rolling, hopping or swaying back and forth. They don’t speak properly, they just mutter and ‘talk’ in a way that they seem to understand between the two of them. It is often unintelligible, but good for the comedy aspect of it. Weebl is the larger of the two, during the series it is revealed that Bob’s small stature is due to a cheese overdose in the 1980s. Many of their stories are centred around their love of pie, a devotion shared by most of the other characters in their worldhese episodes generally depict one of their several (often failed) attempts to obtain it. We also know that the two characters don’t have a house as Weebl sold it to buy a rocket ship. Some episodes are a vehicle to introduce a new character into the storyline, while others are parodies of cultural phenomena, such as Hello Kitty, Japanese karate and ninja movies, ’80s anti-drug documentaries, Michael Moore’s documentary film Fahrenheit 9/11, Kill Bill, the crime drama CSI: Miami, the iPod “silhouette” ad campaign, the MTV show Pimp My Ride, the game show Krypton Factor, Mel Brook’s History of the World, the video game Portal, the Academy Awards and even retailers such as PC World (’Pissy Werld’ in the show), IKEA (or ‘PIKEA’) and Matalan (’Catalan’).

History

The first episode, “Pie”, was uploaded by Picking on June 6, 2002. It is also the most watched episode on Weebl’s site, with 2,612,660 views as of April 30, 2007. However, the cartoon is aired on MTV and sold on multi-region DVD video under the name Wobbl and Bob, after fears that Hasbro, makers of a 1970s and 2000s toy called Weebles and 2000s videos based on the toys, would sue , embroidered salwar kameez .

As of February 2007, there are currently over 120 episodes (excluding six MTV-only episodes, one DVD-only cartoon, and an unofficial 30th birthday animation), typically about two minutes long. Each episode takes the team about 3 days to produce. The majority of episodes are animated by Weebl, whilst some recent episodes are animated by Nathan Malone, aka ZekeySpaceyLizard. The 100th web-released episode, which is a few minutes longer than normal cartoons, came out January 10, 2006 to a typically welcome reception , ethnic indian wear .

Along with the normal episodes of Weebl and Bob, a few special feature episodes have been created by Weebl and Skoo in which Bob narrates a story. These are very sketchy as if they were hand-drawn and ‘animated’ by Bob himself. There are also a few episodes that don’t feature Weebl and Bob characters at all, made by Skoo alone. A single episode titled “Asshat” was created (and ‘buggered up’ by, among many things, turning Bob into a weird Scooby-Doo caricature) by Picking’s friend Rob Manuel, founder of b3ta. Three other guest-animated episodes include “Merchandise,” “Birthday Wishes,” and “Thirty” (the latter two made in celebration of Jonti Picking’s birthday on 17 May. The latter can only be viewed at the old site) , antler headband .

Weebl’s production company Sumo Dojo worked on the Anchor Spreadable adverts in the UK. They were also involved in the release of the first year of Weebl and Bob on DVD in late 2004. The DVD includes a documentary narrated by Brian Blessed and an exclusive episode , knitted shawls .

The first official Weebl and Bob Flash game, titled Ultimate Pie Theft, came out in September 2006. It is basically a remake of the popular video game Pac-Man except the player controls Wee Bull trying to steal all of the pies belonging to Weebl, Bob, Hairy Lee and Chris the ninja pirate. While doing so, the characters will continuously say one-liners such as “Nooooo! Not the pie!!”, and “Why aren’t I eating pies when I move?”.

Episode structure

The two main characters appear exclusively in the first episode, and most of the later episodes. The cartoon is minimalistic in style: it is presented on a plain magenta background, and the characters are white with dark grey outlines. Most of the episodes - usually the more recent cartoons - begin with Weebl singing a short song, usually about pie, his main love in life (an example of this “This is a song/a song about pie/hope I get some before I die…”). Bob moves on and off by rolling and remains typically to the right of the animation pane.

Both characters talk, but their voices are usually unintelligible. Picking achieves the sound by speaking without the use of his tongue, and constantly changing the speed of the audio recording; speech balloons are provided. In fact, in the episodes “Asshat” and “Stains”, it is implied that this is the only reason they can understand each other. This speech is generally punctuated, but capitals are not used, correct grammar and syntax are rarely employed (e.g. “when come back bring pie!”), and the speech bubbles are occasionally entirely inaccurate; another feature is the occasional addition of an ’s’ to nouns or verbs that do not require one (e.g. “beefs come from here”, or “I have become a Goths” “Is that rights?”).

The episodes are set to music (usually of the dance genre, though it differs considerably between episodes), with the characters sometimes talking in time to the rhythm. Earlier episodes mainly used songs from Picking’s music collection, but nowadays they are usually original pieces (sometimes listed in the credits). There are pauses between the lines of dialogue, especially in earlier episodes.

Characters

Weebl Bull

Weebl, or Wobbl on MTV due to trademark reasons, is the first and larger title character. He is 29 years old (“Factor”) and is an egg-shaped character who loves pie to a very unhealthy extent. This is especially apparent as, in a reference to the film American Pie, he sings his intention to “rub [his] penis all over [a pie's] crust”. This grows more odd when he is caught having “me time” with a Pie recipe book in “Stains”. Weebl’s other friends aside from Bob are a whale, who has only been shown in “Blockage” and a Weighted Companion Cube (a reference to Portal) only seen in “Cube.” Weebl also made friends with a fireman while on holiday (on close examination, the “fireman” in the photo in which he introduces him to Bob seems to resemble a penis). Weebl has shown romantic fixation towards Donkey, as well as a-ha’s Morten Harket (who “makes [Weebl] moist in [his] special places”).

Even though Weebl’s name is Weebl Bull, as he is Wee Bull’s son, he usually uses the surname Chauncey, probably because he hates his father (despite this, however, he has been credited as Weebl Bull in the episode “CSI”), he was also credited as prof. Heinz Weebl ph.d on “show”. He also show signs of being illiterate (though this is probably just to make his ignorance and unintelligence more clear) as he cannot read (as seen in “Record” and “Pastry”) and, according to Bob, can only spell “sign” and “beefs” (“Pikea”). A little while after Bob made his blog, Weebl made his blog.

Weebl can be immature and arrogant in most parts, as in “Team laser explosion 3″ he boasts of what a hero he was accusing postmen of being evil, and also being apparently stubborn, he insisted on changing the team logo because it didn’t have pictures of him looking hot and sexy. He has at least 5 hats (revealed in “Pastry”). Also he is ignorant to listen to Bob such as in the episode ’snails’ where he shows that he doesn’t listen to Bob or let him finish his sentences. Weebl also seems to trust rather unreliable people such “Dishonest Jim” and “Jimmy Can’t Read the Dyslexic”, much to Bob’s annoyance. To add to that he has been in and caused Bob to go to prison with his Paris Hilton impression as shown in episode “Bird” “

His last name was not revealed till the episode ‘CSI’, in which a set of opening credits reveal it, though a smart fan could have deduced it from Weebl’s father’s name, Wee Bull, or from a supposed e-mail with the subject “Son. We need to talk. Love Wee Bull”.

In various episodes Weebl states that he cannot move, unlike Bob who rolls or hops to get to places. He can only be seen rolling in the Wobbl and Bob DVD, during the cutscenes when a category is selected in the menu screen. Otherwise, it remains a mystery of how he moves, although Bob uses methods of transport to carry him around in several episodes, it says that Weebl invented sheep especially on the episode ‘gravy’.

Bob Bobertson

Bob is Weebl’s “friend”, and producer of many Flash animations throughout the series. He looks like Weebl except for the fact that he is smaller (he was once Weebl’s size, until an overdose on cheese). Like Weebl, he also likes pie and ‘butters’ [sic] (see episode “pikea”). His last name, Bobertson, is revealed in “Show,” and is shown again in “Team Laser Explosion 3″, when Weebl draws their new logo on the back of Bob’s will. His last name can also be seen in the credits of some of the “made by Bob” cartoons and on his blog. Bob also became a goth (because he was depressed about not having pie, and he found the cloak and the wig in a ditch) in the episode “Gothic” but that lasted only for that episode. During that episode he called himself “Bob… Lord of the Dark… things”.

Bob seems to show a fear of bees and, after Weebl’s bath water destroyed his computer in “Upgrade”, a fear…

Intelligent Luxurious Hotel Lock ( MS3500 ) ,



Origins of the name

The name reflects the increased danger of the door falling open if it becomes unlatched while the car is moving. The problem arises while driving at high speed: if the door opens even a little, it will catch the fast-moving air like a sail and open, potentially being damaged from the force of the air.

A latch or lock usually ensures the door remains securely closed. Consumer Reports reported that the door on a Subaru 360 they were testing opened into the wind while driving with the door partially latched.

On a conventional car, if the door becomes unlatched, the fast moving air around the car, which is going in the opposite direction to the car, will outweigh the pressure difference and hold the door closed. With suicide doors, this fast moving air holds the door open. This can be dangerous if the occupant is not seat-belted.

Mazda RX-8 uses clamshell door design to avoid suicide door safety problem , electronic door locks .

This problem is greatly increased when driving around a bend. Lateral G-force combined with the low-pressure air moving around the car will fling open an unlatched door, and the occupant could be thrown out if not wearing a seatbelt. In reality, this is very unlikely to happen because the locks and latches for suicide doors are built to withstand greater forces than most locks and latches. Most modern cars with rear suicide doors have front doors which overlap the rear doors so the latter cannot open unless the front door is open, commonly called “clamshell doors”. An example of this is the Mazda RX-8 sports coup. Another safety device is a lock that prevents the rear doors being opened unless the vehicle is stationary, such as used in the Rolls-Royce Phantom and in London cabs. By using this electronic safety, the doors can be opened independently , filing cabinet keys .

Some erroneously believe that the name stems from the fact that if, in an emergency, the user exits the vehicle while it is moving forward, the door will hit them upon exit , sliding glass lock .

Use of the ter , chain door lock .

Because of the term’s negative connotations, it is avoided in major automobile manufacturers’ promotional literature in favour of terms such as “rear-hinged doors”, “coach doors” (Rolls-Royce), and “freestyle doors” (Mazda). However, the phrase “suicide doors” is familiar to many English-speakers and is often used openly in the custom-car trade.

History

Suicide doors were not uncommon on cars manufactured in the first half of the 20th century. They were especially popular in the gangster era of the 1930s because “It’s a lot easier to shove somebody out with the wind holding the door open”, Dave Brownell, the former editor of Hemmings Motor News stated.

Post-World War II examples are almost universally the rear doors of four-door cars. The most well-known use of suicide doors on post-World War II automobiles was the Lincoln Continental sedan from 1961 through 1969, and on the unique Lincoln Continental four-door convertible from 1961 through 1967 (the last four-door convertible built in the United States prior to the introduction of the 4-door Jeep Wrangler in 2007.) Since the four-door Lincoln convertible did not have a center “B” pillar, the rear door glass was designed to electrically retract a few inches when the rear doors were opened in order for the weather-stripping to clear the front door glass. This meant that if the battery was dead, the only way out of the back seat was to crawl over the front seat.

Modern use

For a time, the last true, independently opening suicide doors on a mass produced car were fitted on the Ford Thunderbird four-door sedan from 1967 through 1971. The 1971 model was the last American production automobile to feature rear suicide doors, because after this time, safety concerns prevented their use. More recently, rear suicide doors that cannot be opened until the regular front doors are opened have been appearing on a number of vehicles, including extended cab pickup trucks, the Saturn Ion QuadCoupe, and the Mazda RX-8. In 2003, true independent suicide doors reappeared, this time on the new Rolls-Royce Phantom. The Spyker D12 officially presented in 2006 also has suicide doors. The Rolls-Royce Phantom Drophead Coupe four-seat convertible, based on the 100EX show car also has suicide front doors.

Rear passenger suicide doors had been a constant feature of Hackney carriages, otherwise known as Black Cabs. However, with the replacement of the Austin FX4 by the new TX models, suicide doors were replaced with standard hinged doors.

Suicide doors are used on the Carbon Motors Corporation E7 concept car, a purpose built police vehicle and features rear suicide doors to help officers get handcuffed individuals in and out of the back seat.

Advantages

Rear-hinged doors make entering and exiting the vehicle much easier. The occupant can enter in a natural way; walking forward towards the vehicle, and then turning as they go to sit, and exit by stepping forward out of the vehicle.

Rear-hinged back doors (especially with front-hinged front doors) make it easier for a person in the front seat such as a chauffeur to exit and reach the handle of the back door to open it for the passenger. Austin FX4 taxi drivers were able to reach the rear door handle through the driver’s window without getting out of the vehicle.

Disadvantages

While the vehicle is parked, such a door could hide an entering or exiting passenger from the view of passing cars. A door hit by another vehicle would be slammed shut onto the passenger.

Conventionally hinged doors in front and suicide doors in the back make it difficult for passengers to exit from the front and rear seats simultaneously due to the limited space between the front edge of the rear door and the rear edge of the front door.

If the user exits the vehicle while it is moving forward, the door will hit him or her upon exit.

Models

Lloyd LT 600 van with a front suicide door

Here is a list of some cars that use suicide doors. For a more complete list, see List of Cars with Suicide Doors.

Austin Princess Limousine

Austin FX4 - London black cab.

Bentley State Limousine

Citron 2CV - (early models)

Citron Traction Avant

Fiat 500 (1957-69)

Fiat 600 (1955-60)

Ford F-150 SuperCab (1997-present) - Suicide half doors at the rear

Ford Thunderbird (1967-1971) - 4-door models

Goggomobil (1955)

Honda Element - suicide half doors at the rear

Jaguar MK4 (1946) - Front door

Lincoln Continental (1961-1969) - 4-door sedans, (1961-1967) - 4-door convertibles

Mazda RX-8 (2004 - present) - Suicide half doors at the rear

MINI Clubman - One rear suicide half-door

Panhard Dyna X Panhard Dyna Z

Rolls-Royce Phantom

Rover P4 - Suicide half doors at the rear

Saab (92, 93 and 95/96 early models)

Saturn Ion Quad Coupe (2003-2007) - Suicide half doors at the rear.

Spyker D12

Subaru 360

Toyota FJ Cruiser - Suicide half doors at the rear

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Automobiles with suicide doors

List of cars with unusual door designs

Scissor doors

Gullwing doors

Butterfly doors

Sliding doors

Canopy door

Car door

External links

The History of Suicide Doors

Suicide Doors on NY Times : Don’t Call Them Suicide Doors

References

^ a b c , Suicide door definition.

^ a b c d e f g h , Suicide doors on Diseno-Art.

^ a b c , Suicide doors simply explained on Everything2.

^ a b c d e , Don’t Call Them Suicide Doors.

^ Consumer Reports April 1969

^ a b , Automotive door styles.

^ Martin Zimmerman (September 15, 2007). “The Garage: Focus on autos - ‘Suicide doors’ resurrected by car designers despite safety concerns”. Business (Los Angeles Times). http://www.latimes.com/classified/automotive/highway1/la-fi-garage15sep15,0,5887067.story?coll=la-class-autos-highway1. Retrieved on June 11, 2009.

^ , Suicide doors on Urban Dictionary.

^ , Don’t Call Them Suicide Doors page 2.

^ , Suicide doors on Auto Brevity.

v d e

Automotive design

Part of the Automobile series

Body

Framework

Automobile platform Body-on-frame Bumper Cabrio coach Chassis Continental tire Crumple zone Dagmar bumpers Decklid Fender Fender skirts Grille Hood Hood scoop Monocoque construction Overhang Pillar Pontoon fenders Quarter panel Shaker scoop Spoiler Subframe Tonneau

Compartments

Trunk/Boot/Dickie Hood/Bonnet

Doors

Butterfly doors Gull-wing door Scissor doors Suicide door Sliding doors Canopy door

Glass

Greenhouse Sunroof Power window Quarter glass Windshield/Windscreen Windshield/Windscreen wiper

Other

Curb feeler Bumper sticker Hood ornament Japan Black paint Monsoonshield Nerf bar Tire/Tyre Tow hitch Truck accessory

Exterior

Equipment

Lighting

Daytime running lamp Headlamp Hidden headlamps High-intensity discharge lamp Retroreflector Sealed beam Trafficators

Legal and other

Vehicle Identification Number Vehicle registration plate Vanity plate Parktronic Motor…

Star Sat SR-X1500d FTA Satellite Receiver ,



Function

Remote keyless systems operate by broadcasting radio waves on a particular frequency. Most RKEs work on 315 MHz in North America and Japan, and 433.92 MHz in Europe. Modern systems implement encryption to prevent car thieves from intercepting and spoofing the signal.

The system signals that it has either locked or unlocked the car usually through some fairly discreet combination of flashing vehicle lamps, a distinctive sound other than the horn, or some usage of the horn itself.

The functions of a remote keyless entry system are contained on a key fob or built into the ignition key handle itself. Buttons are dedicated to locking or unlocking the doors and opening the trunk (or, on sport utility vehicles and station wagons, unlock/open the rear tailgate). Some cars will also close any open windows and roof when remotely locking the car. Some remote keyless fobs also feature a red panic button which activates the car alarm as a standard feature.

Some cars’ engines with remote keyless ignition systems can be started by the push of a button on the key fob.

For offices, or residences, the system can also be coupled with the security system, garage door opener or remotely activated lighting devices.

Range testing

A typical range plot.

The operating range of keyless remotes varies widely between manufacturers. E.g., Ford use 20 m for Europe and North America and 5m for Japan and other markets where the transmitted power restrictions are much greater. The range is either measured from the skin of the car or from a nominal central point.[citation needed] The range around the vehicle is not linear as corner pillars and small window apertures attenuate the signal, hence reducing its range , sash locks .

Programmin , mail box lock .

Remote keyless entry fobs emit a radio frequency with a designated, distinct digital identity code. Inasmuch as “programming” fobs is a proprietary technical process, it is typically performed by the automobile dealership. (In point of fact it is a computer in the car which is programmed in the process, not the fob itself.) In general, the procedure is to put the car computer in ‘programming mode’. This usually entails engaging the power in the car several times while holding a button or lever. It may also include opening doors, or removing fuses. The procedure varies amongst various makes, models, and years. Once in ‘programming mode’ one or more of the fob buttons is depressed to send the digital identity code to the car’s onboard computer. The computer saves the code and the car is then taken out of ‘programming mode’ , mitsubishi keys .

As RKS fobs have become more prevalent in the automobile industry a secondary market of unprogrammed devices on sites like Keylessride have sprung up. Some web sites sell steps to program fobs for individual models of cars as well as accessory kits to remotely activate other car devices , fingerprint access control .

Trunk release

On cars where the trunk release is electronically operated, it can be triggered to open by a button on the remote. Conventionally, the trunk springs open with the help of hydraulic struts or torsion springs, and thereafter must be lowered manually. Premium models (like SUVs with tailgates which are possibly out-of-reach for some) may have a motorized assist that can both open and close the tailgate for easy access and remote operation.

This section requires expansion.

Advanced Key

Some cars have a proximity system that is triggered if a keylike transducer (Advanced Key) is within a certain distance of the car. It is sometimes called hands-free. It is commonly found on European and Japanese luxury vehicles, such as Mercedes-Benz, Audi, Subaru, Honda, Toyota, Volvo, Lexus, and Nissan. The vehicle can be unlocked without the driver needing to physically push a button on the key fob to lock or unlock the car and is also able to start or stop the ignition without physically having to insert the key and turning the ignition. Instead, as you approach the vehicle, the vehicle senses that the key (located in your pocket, purse,…) is approaching the vehicle. When you are in the car’s required distance there are two methods typically used by auto manufacturers to unlock the doors. In method one, once you are in the car’s “bubble” (the required distance you have to be from the vehicle for the key to be recognized) the car will automatically unlock the driver’s door. In method two, once you are in the car’s “bubble” the car doesn’t unlock the door unless you touch one of the sensors located behind the door handles. As others attempt to get in, it senses that the driver is within the “bubble” and as they touch the sensors behind their door handles, the car will unlock their door. In certain vehicles, there are also various functions built into the transmitter to perform various tasks. For example, in many import vehicles, if you press the unlock button twice and hold the button on the second push, the vehicle will roll down the front two, all four, and/or sunroof windows to ventilate the interior. If you follow the same procedure with the Lock button or insert your key and twist the lock twice, holding on the second turn, the car will roll the windows and/or sunroof up. In the 4Runner there is a button to roll down the rear window. Some can activate the cars headlights/reverse/tail lights remotely. Some can activate various electronics you install via your dealer (Aftermarket Neon Kits, AUX Lights,…).

See also

Near Field Communication possible uses and applications

External links

Article about how keyless entry remote systems on automobiles work

Requirements of Remote Keyless Entry (RKE) Systems

False warning about RKE code thiefs at Snopes.com

A Blog dedicated to keyless entry remotes

Categories: Automotive accessories | Automotive technologies | Radio electronicsHidden categories: Articles to be merged from January 2008 | All articles to be merged | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from October 2007 | Articles to be expanded from May 2008 | All articles to be expanded

SUPER GAS SAVER for CAR ,





Old Twinings Shop on The Strand, London

Twinings is a marketer of tea, based in Andover, Hampshire, England.

Contents

1 History

2 Products

3 Product Range

3.1 Tea

3.1.1 Everyday Tea

3.1.2 Specialty Teas

3.1.2.1 Classics

3.1.2.2 Light Classics

3.1.2.3 Aromatics

3.1.2.4 winings &

3.1.2.5 Reserve

3.1.2.6 Premium Quality

3.1.3 Green Tea & Infusions

3.1.3.1 Fresh & Fruity

3.1.3.2 A Moment of Calm

3.1.3.3 Revive & Revitalise

3.1.3.4 Cleanse

3.1.3.5 Green Teas

3.1.3.6 White Tea

3.2 Coffee blends

3.3 Hot Chocolate

3.4 Iced Tea

4 Notable members of the Twining family

5 References

6 External links

//


History

Thomas Twining opened the first known tea room in 1706, which remains at 216 Strand, London today. In 1787 the company created its logo, still in use today, which is thought to be the world’s oldest commercial logo that has been in continuous use since its inception. Under Associated British Foods since 1964, Stephen Twining now represents the company’s ten generations. In 2006, Twinings celebrated its 300th anniversary with new teas, a special anniversary tea, associated tea caddies and updated product packaging. Twining’s is a Royal Warrant holder (appointed by HM The Queen).

Products



Twinings Earl Grey packet

Twinings mostly provides mid-range teas such as Lapsang Souchong, Lady Grey and Darjeeling. It is generally accepted that the company was the first to blend Earl Grey in Britain during the premiership of Charles, 2nd Earl Grey, although this is disputed by rival tea merchants Jacksons of Piccadilly, which is owned by Twinings.

During 2005, Twinings introduced its first generic, non-speciality tea, under the brand ‘Everyday Tea’. In 2006 they started producing a tinned luxury chocolate drink, and in 2007 they also launched a selection of tinned luxury coffees onto the market.

The company is a founding member of the Ethical Tea Partnership, a group of tea-packing companies that work for a fair trade policy and monitor the ethical conditions on tea estates.

Stephen Fry recently appeared in the Twinings TV adverts. Notably on QI, a programme he hosts, he has been made fun of for being the front man of Twinings, especially from the likes of Phill Jupitus. The latest celebrity recruit is homemaker personality Nigella Lawson.

Twinings also owns Nambarrie, a tea company based in Belfast, Northern Ireland, which has been trading for 140 years. In April 2008 Twinings announced their decision to close the Nambarrie plant with the likely loss of 34 jobs. Twinings said it needed to consolidate its UK manufacturing operations in the face of increasing global competition. Nambarrie Managing Director Brian Davis commented “Our employees have made us a local success and for that we owe them a deep debt of gratitude”.

Product Range

Tea

Everyday Tea

Twinings first ‘generic’ tea, packaged in cardboard boxes containing 40, 80, 160 or 240 tea bags.

Specialty Teas

Classics

300 Year Celebration tea

Assam

Decaffeinated Traditional English

English Breakfast

Irish Breakfast

Organic English Breakfast

Prince of Wales

Traditional Afternoon

Light Classics

Ceylon

Darjeeling

Keemun

Yunnan

Aromatics

Chai

Christmas Tea

Decaffeinated Earl Grey

Earl Grey

Lady Grey

Lapsang Souchong

Organic Earl Grey

winings &

After Dinner Mint

Orange

Pineapple & Rooibos

Rose

Vanilla & Coconut

Reserve

Golden Tipped Assam & Kenyan Blend

Premium Quality

Organic Blend

Premium Quality 1706

Green Tea & Infusions

Fresh & Fruity

Raspberry, Strawberry & Loganberry

Cranberry, Raspberry & Elderflower

Strawberry & Mango

Cranberry & Pomegranate

Echinacea & Raspberry

Pomegranate & Raspberry

Blackberry & Nettle

Blackcurrant, Ginseng & Vanilla

Cranberry & Sanguinello Orange

Blueberry & Apple

A Moment of Calm

Pure Camomile

African Rooibos, Strawberry & Vanilla

Cherry & Cinnamon

Camomile & Spiced Apple

Orange, Mango & Cinnamon

African Honeybush with a hint of Lavender

Lemongrass with a hint of Lavender

Camomile & Spearmint

Camomile & Lime Flowers

Revive & Revitalise

Pure Peppermint

Sweet Fennel

Lemon & Ginger

Peppermint & Eucalyptus

Lemongrass & Eucalyptus

Cleanse

Nettle & Peppermint

Nettle & Sweet Fennel

Green Teas

Pure Green Tea

Green Tea with Jasmine

Green Tea with Pineapple and Grapefruit

Green Tea with Cranberry

Green Tea with Orange & Lotus Flower

Green Tea with Apple & Pear

Green Tea with Pomegranate

Green Tea with Citrus

Green Tea with Mint

Green Tea Earl Grey

Gunpowder Green Tea

White Tea

Pure White Tea

White Tea with Pomegranate

Coffee blends

Intense

Rich

Mellow

Decaffeinated

Hot Chocolate

Swiss Chocolate Drink

Iced Tea

Green Tea & Lemon

Green Tea & Peach

Raspberry

Cherry

Lemon

Peach

Notable members of the Twining family

Elizabeth Twining (18051889), botanical illustrator.

Edward Twining, Baron Twining (1899-1967), British colonial governor.

References

^ Standage, T. (2005). A history of the world in six glasses. New York: Walker. P. 202.

^ “Twinings celebrates 300 years with new teas and new packaging”. written at London, England, United Kingdom (HTML). Tea & Coffee Trade Journal. 20 June 2006. http://www.allbusiness.com/sector-31-33-manufacturing/food-manufacturing-food/1178535-1.html. Retrieved on 17 January 2009. “To celebrate its 300th Anniversary, Twinings will introduce a selection of new tea blends including: Indian Spiced Chai (Origins); Citrus Spice Sunset (Herbal); African Rooibos Red Tea (Origins); Cinnamon Apple BreakFast (Classics). … Twinings has [also] unveiled an entirely new package design and graphics.”

^ “Tea History of the Earl Grey” (HTML). Art of Tea. 24 October 2008. http://artoftea.com/wordpress/2008/10/24/tea-history-of-the-earl/. Retrieved on 18 January 2009.

^ “Jacksons of Piccadilly - the finest quality teas from around the world”. written at United Kingdom (HTML). http://www.jacksonsofpiccadilly.co.uk/. Retrieved on 17 January 2009. “Tea is a work of art and needs a master hand to bring out its noblest qualities.”

^ “Ethical Tea Partnership - Working for a Responsible Tea Industry”. written at United Kingdom (HTML). http://www.ethicalteapartnership.com/index.asp. Retrieved on 17 January 2009.

^ “Tea Time Over For Nambarrie”. written at Northern Ireland, United Kingdom (HTML). 4NI.co.uk Northern Ireland News. 11 April 2008. http://www.4ni.co.uk/northern_ireland_news.asp?id=74242. Retrieved on 17 January 2009. “One of Northern Ireland’s top teas - and a favourite in Scotland too - is no longer to be packed in central Belfast.”

External links

Official British website

Official Canadian website

Official American website

Criticisms of perceived changes to Twinings’ Earl Grey blend (American version)

Interview with Stephen Twining (September 2006) The Citizen, South Africa



v?d?eSelected Royal Warrant holders of the British Royal Family

Granted by HM The Queen

…
To get More information , you can visit some products about
mirrored glass furniture,
massaging recliner,
children’s folding tables,
bathroom sink furniture,
.
The SUPER GAS SAVER for CAR products should be show more here!

Rhinestones (Motif) ,







Dremel scroll saw

A scroll saw is a small electric or pedal operated saw useful for cutting intricate curves where a jigsaw or coping saw is not appropriate; it is capable of creating curves with edges. It is somewhat similar to a band saw, but unlike band saws, in which the saw blade is a continuous loop, scroll saws use saw blades similar to those used by coping saws and operate through a quick reciprocating up and down motion.

Contents

1 Size

2 Important Functions

3 Uses

4 Blades

5 General references

6 References

7 External links

//


Size

Scroll saws are referred to by size. The size is the distance from the blade, to the rear frame of the saw. It determines how large of a piece of wood can be cut with the saw. The smaller saws have a throat of as little as twelve inches, while the larger commercial saws are approaching the thirty inch mark. They range in price from under a hundred dollars, to close to two thousand dollars. The more costly ones are generally much more accurate and easier to use, as the vibration in the machine is minimal. While it’s not necessary to buy an expensive machine to enjoy this tool, it’s recommended to use a machine prior to buying it.

Important Functions

It is important to check the ease of blade changes, as this is function that will be done very often. Almost all scroll sawing uses a pierce cut, which is a small hole through which the blade is fed. If you have to fight with the blade every time, you’ll quickly tire of your new saw. The other detail that should be checked is the amount of vibration in the saw. Vibration has a major effect on the quality of the saw’s work. It also reduces blade life, and often the interest of the user in continuing this hobby.

Uses

Scroll sawing is a very popular hobby for many woodworkers. While there are many reasons for this, one of the main reasons is the creativity this tool enables. There are so many scroll saw plans and projects to choose from, a person could go a lifetime, and never make it through all the available plans. A second reason is the small amount of space required to use one. You could actually use it on your kitchen table! There are many scroll saw projects that require little more that the saw itself, eliminating a huge investment in tools. These saws are almost a self contained shop, for some projects. One main purpose for using a scroll saw is the ability to cut intricate curves and joints, very quickly, and with great accuracy. They can also be used to cut dovetail joints quickly.

There is no better tool for cutting intarsia and inlays for veneer projects. The ability to stack cut veneers is a great technique for creating complicated, but beautiful pictures within veneer work. Using a very fine blade, the saw kerf is all but invisible. By stacking different variations of veneer, cutting results in perfect fitting pieces, in woods of different colors, and create very detailed pictures. Another would be the fact that other members of the family, including children, with adult supervision, can enjoy creating crafts, and realizing the pride generated by making something.

There are many different brands of scroll saws on the market today. Notable ones include Excalibur (made in Canada), RBI (made in the USA), Hegner (made in Germany), Eclipse (made in the USA), and DeWalt (originally made in Canada, but now made in the Far East). There are also a number of less expensive scroll saws made in the Far East including: Delta, Dremel (Bosch), Craftsman, Ryobi and others.

There are different types of scroll saws. The most common design is the parallel arm in which a motor is attached near the back of the arms, and the two arms always remain parallel to each other. The C-arm has a solid “C” shape with the blade being mounted between the two ends of the “C”. The parallel link, used by Excalibur and DeWalt, has rods in the upper and lower arms that are “pushed” by the motor to move short (about 4 inches 100 millimetres long) articulated arms and the end which hold the blade. The rigid arm scroll saw, which was very popular up until the 1970s, but is no longer made, has a single-piece cast iron frame. The blade is attached to a pitman arm on the bottom which pulls the blade down, and a spring in the upper arm pulls the blade back up again. This resulted in a significant weakness in that tension on the blade changed with every stroke of the blade. Modern scroll saws are all “constant tension” saws. Uncommon and larger industrial type scroll saws, included spring or vacuum sprung scroll saws, didn’t have arms. Instead they had the reciprocation mechanism at one end of the blade and a tension device on the other to return the push stroke, their advantage being the tension/spring device could be hung from the ceiling of a building and large parts that otherwise could not be cut on arm-style scroll saws could be cut, e.g., aircraft frames of the past.

Blades



Hand-operated scroll saw, around 1900

Scroll saw blades come in many different types. With the exception of blades made for very light duty saws, typical blades are five inches long. The major types are:

Skip tooth (or single skip tooth) which has a tooth, a gap then another tooth;

Double skip tooth (two teeth, a gap then two teeth);

Crown or two-way which has teeth facing both up and down so it cuts on both the down-stroke (as with all other blades) and on the up-stroke;

Spiral blades which essentially are a regular flat blade which is twisted so that there are teeth sticking out on all sides.

Metal cutting blades using hardened steel;

Diamond blades (a wire coated with diamond bits) for cutting glass.

Blades come in many different sizes ranging from #10/0 for making jewelry (about the size of a coarse hair) to #12 which is like a small band saw blade.

There is also a variation called a reverse tooth blade. On reverse tooth blades, the bottom 3/4″ of the teeth are reversed (point up). This helps reduce splintering on the edges of the bottom of the cut. It does not clear sawdust out of the cut as well, making the cutting slower, producing more heat in the blade which reduces blade life, and making burning of the cut more likely. Reverse tooth blades are especially useful when cutting softwood, and plywood such as Baltic birch plywood.



v?d?eTypes of tools

Cutting tools

Adze Axe Billhook Blade Bolt cutter Broach Ceramic tile cutter Countersink Diamond blade Diamond tool Drill bit Endmill Froe Knife Machete Milling cutter Razor Reamer Saw Scalpel Scissors Splitting maul Switchblade Tool bit Utility knife Water jet cutter

Garden tools

Cultivator Garden fork Hedge trimmer Hoe Hori hori Irrigation sprinkler Lawn aerator Lawn mower Lawn sweeper Leaf blower Loppers Mattock McLeod Pitchfork Plough (plow) Pruning shears (Secateurs) Pulaski Rake Rotary tiller Scythe Spade String trimmer

Hand tools

Block plane BNC inserter/remover Brace Card scraper Chisel Clamp Coping saw Fretsaw Glass cutter Hacksaw Hammer Hand saw Locking pliers Mallet Pickaxe Pipe wrench Plane Pliers Punch Screwdriver Spirit level Sponge Torque wrench Wrench

Power tools

Band saw Belt sander Chainsaw Circular saw Concrete saw Crusher Drill Grinding machine Heat gun Impact wrench Jigsaw Jointer Lathe Nail gun Planer Radial arm saw Random orbital sander Reciprocating saw Rotary tool Sander Scroll saw Table saw Thickness planer Wood router

Other

Antique tools Ladder Thau claw Toolbox

General references

Jesberger, Lee (2007). “”The scroll saw is a very versatile saw”".Pro Woodworking Tips.com

References

^ Pro Woodworking Tips.com

External links

Pro Woodworking Tips.com

Scrollsaw Association of the World website

…
To get More information , you can visit some products about
truck water pump,
solar air pump,
hydraulic water pump,
digital tire pressure,
.
The Rhinestones (Motif) products should be show more here!

Occasional Tables by Marcel Breuer 8031 ,





Water massages as a treatment for hysteria c. 1860.

Female hysteria was a once-common medical diagnosis, made exclusively in women, which is today no longer recognized by modern medical authorities as a medical disorder. Its diagnosis and treatment was routine for many hundreds of years in Western Europe. Hysteria was widely discussed in the medical literature of the Victorian era. Women considered to be suffering from it exhibited a wide array of symptoms including faintness, nervousness, insomnia, fluid retention, heaviness in abdomen, muscle spasm, shortness of breath, irritability, loss of appetite for food or sex, and “a tendency to cause trouble”.

Since ancient times women considered to be suffering from hysteria would sometimes undergo “pelvic massage” manual stimulation of the anterior wall of the vagina by the doctor until the patient experienced “hysterical paroxysm”.

Contents

1 Early history

2 Victorian era

2.1 Theories on Victorian hysteria

3 Disappearance of hysteria as a medical diagnosis

4 See also

5 References

6 Further reading

7 External links

//


Early history

The history of hysteria can be traced to ancient times; in ancient Greece it was described in the gynecological treatises of the Hippocratic corpus, which date from the 5th and 4th centuries BCE and was recorded even earlier in Egyptian papyri.[citation needed] Plato’s dialogue Timaeus tells of the uterus wandering throughout a woman body, strangling the victim as it reaches the chest and causing disease. This theory is the source of the name, which stems from the Greek word for uterus, hystera (??????). The idea of the wandering womb may be derived from observation of prolapsed uteruses.[citation needed]

A prominent physician from the second century, Galen, wrote that hysteria was a disease caused by sexual deprivation in particularly passionate women: Hysteria was noted quite often in virgins, nuns, widows and, occasionally, married women. The prescription in medieval and renaissance medicine was intercourse if married, marriage if single, or vaginal massage (pelvic massage) by a midwife as a last recourse.

Victorian era



Advertisement from 1910.

A physician in 1859 claimed that a quarter of all women suffered from hysteria. One physician cataloged 75 pages of possible symptoms of hysteria and called the list incomplete; almost any ailment could fit the diagnosis. Physicians thought that the stresses associated with modern life caused civilized women to be both more susceptible to nervous disorders and to develop faulty reproductive tracts. In America, such disorders in women reaffirmed that the United States was on par with Europe; one American physician expressed pleasure that the country was atching up to Europe in the prevalence of hysteria.

Rachael P. Maines, author of The Technology of Orgasm: “Hysteria,” the Vibrator, and Women’s Sexual Satisfaction, has observed that such cases were quite profitable for physicians, since the patients were at no risk of death but needed constant treatment. The only problem was that physicians did not enjoy the tedious task of vaginal massage (generally referred to as ‘pelvic massage’): The technique was difficult for a physician to master and could take hours to achieve “hysterical paroxysm.” Referral to midwives, which had been common practice, meant a loss of business for the physician.



A 1918 Sears, Roebuck and Co. ad with several models of vibrators.

A solution was the invention of massage devices, which shortened treatment from hours to minutes, removing the need for midwives and increasing a physician treatment capacity. Already at the turn of the century, hydrotherapy devices were available at Bath, and by the mid-19th century, they were popular at many high-profile bathing resorts across Europe and in America.[citation needed] By 1870, a clockwork-driven vibrator was available for physicians. In 1873, the first electromechanical vibrator was used at an asylum in France for the treatment of hysteria.

While physicians of the period acknowledged that the disorder stemmed from sexual dissatisfaction, they seemed unaware of or unwilling to admit the sexual purposes of the devices used to treat it.[citation needed] In fact, the introduction of the speculum was far more controversial than that of the vibrator.

By the turn of the century, the spread of home electricity brought the vibrator to the consumer market. The appeal of cheaper treatment in the privacy of one own home understandably made the vibrator a popular early home appliance. In fact, the electric home vibrator was on the market before many other home appliance ssentials: nine years before the electric vacuum cleaner and 10 years before the electric iron. A page from a Sears catalog of home electrical appliances from 1918 includes a portable vibrator with attachments, billed as ery useful and satisfactory for home service.4]

Other cures for female hysteria included bed rest, bland food, seclusion, refraining from mentally taxing tasks (for example, reading) and sensory deprivation.

Theories on Victorian hysteria

It has been argued that a major theme of the 19th century is the conflict between sex as a reproductive act and an erotic act. Although the icon of the period, Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom, had a large family, birth rates declined over the course of the century. As these rates declined, the reproductive purpose of sex became less central.[citation needed] Much of the medical and marital advice literature of the period prominently featured the passionless woman as an ideal: the “ideal” woman would engage in sex only to reproduce, as it was supposed to hold no other allure for her.[citation needed] This “ideal” influenced the social structure in many ways, including providing a basis for arguments against contraception.[citation needed] At the same time, it resulted in sexual dissatisfaction in many women, fueling the increased demand for treatment of hysteria.[citation needed]

Disappearance of hysteria as a medical diagnosis



Number of French psychiatric theses on hysteria.

Over the course of the early 20th century, the number of diagnoses of female hysteria sharply declined, and today it is no longer a recognized illness. Many reasons are behind its decline: Many medical authors claim that the decline is due to laypeople gaining a greater understanding of the psychology behind conversion disorders such as hysteria, and it therefore no longer gets the desired response from society.

It has also been argued that all that changed was where the disease was placed by physicians.[citation needed] With so many possible symptoms, hysteria was always a catchall diagnosis where any unidentifiable ailment could be assigned, and so, as diagnostic techniques improved, the number of cases were pared down until nothing was left. Many cases that would have been labeled hysteria were reclassified by Freud as anxiety neuroses.[citation needed]

Today different manifestations of hysteria are recognized in other conditions such as schizophrenia, conversion disorder, and anxiety attacks.

See also

Human female sexuality

References

^ a b c d e f Maines, Rachel P. (1998). The technology of orgasm: “hysteria”, the vibrator, and women’s sexual satisfaction. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-6646-4.

^ a b Laura Briggs (2000). “The Race of Hysteria: “Overcivilization” and the “Savage” Woman in Late Nineteenth-Century Obsterics and Gynecology”. American Quarterly 52: 246-73.

^ Regina M. Morantz and Sue Zschoche (1980). “Professionalism, Feminism, and Gender Roles: A Comparative Study of Nineteenth-Century Medical Therapeutics”. The Journal of American History 67: 568-88.

^…
To get More information , you can visit some products about
plasma cutting tables,
computer desk table,
oval glass coffee table,
used salon furniture,
.
The Occasional Tables by Marcel Breuer 8031 products should be show more here!